The Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI) Set up by the Government, the Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI) is a perma- nent Parliamentary Committee, which administratively functions in the Ministry of Defence. In addition to parliamentary members, ABDI’s members represent various expert organisations: the Prime Minister’s Offi ce, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Education and Culture, Defence Command Finland, Finnish Broadcasting Company, Finnish News Agency (STT), Union of Journalists in Finland, Finnish Media Federation, National Defence University, and Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI). ABDI investigates, on an annual basis, the opinions and attitudes of Finns towards security policy and the factors infl uencing them and conducts at least one extensive survey that covers the entire adult population in Finland. The questions cover foreign and security policy and national defence. Some of the questions represent a continuous sequence since the 1960s. The surveys by ABDI are in the public domain and accessible to all. The Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI) Ministry of Defence BP 31 00131 HELSINKI www.defmin.fi /abdi THE ADVISORY BOARD FOR DEFENCE INFORMATION Bulletins and reports January 2024 20 24 :3 FINNS’ OPINIONS ON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY, NATIONAL DEFENCE AND SECURITY ABDI (MTS) Finns̀ opinions on foreign and security policy, national defence and security The Advisory Board for Defence Information Ministry of Defence, Helsinki 2024 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Ministry of Defence This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited. ISBN pdf: 978-951-663-427-5 ISSN pdf: 2490-0052 Layout: Government Administration Department, Publications Helsinki 2024 Finland Julkaisujen jakelu Distribution av publikationer Valtioneuvoston julkaisuarkisto Valto Publikations- arkivet Valto julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/ Description sheet 19 January 2024 Finns`opinions on foreign and security policy, national defence and security The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Publisher Ministry of Defence Group author The Advisory Board for Defence Information Language English Pages 100 Abstract A Survey commissioned by The Advisothe ry Board of Defence Information (ABDI) explored the opinions of Finnish people on Finnish foreign policy and security policy, defence policy and national defence. There are questions on factors affecting safety and citizens` sense pertaining to security over the next five years. There are also questions about the impacts of various organizations on Finland`s security. The survey also included questions on factors causing concern, preparations against various threats, the future of the European Union, views on Finland`s membership in NATO, confidence in The Defence Force`s ability to counter military threats and Finland`s military cooperation and attitudes towards cooperation between the European Union and NATO and assistance to Ukraine. Altogether 21 questions were asked, two of which for the first time. Commissioned by the ABDI, market research company Taloustutkimus Oy carried out the survey. The survey was carried out as a combination of personal interviews as a part of omnibus research and an internet panel by Taloustutkimus Oy. The sample size was 1 197 people. The target group of the study comprised the entire population between the ages of 15 and 79, with the exception of the Åland Islands. The report comprises a text section with illustrating figures that also present the time sequence of the questions asked in previous surveys. These illustrations were prepared by Taloustutkimus Oy. Some of the questions represent a continuous sequence since 1964. Keywords NATO, conscript service, National defence, defence policy, security policy, foreign policy ISBN PDF 978-951-663-427-5 ISSN PDF 2489-3951 URN address https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-427-5 https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-427-5 Kuvailulehti 19.1.2024 Suomalaisten mielipiteitä ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikasta, maanpuolustuksesta ja turvallisuudesta Maanpuolustustiedotuksen suunnittelukunta MTS 2024:3 Julkaisija Puolustusministeriö Yhteisötekijä Maanpuolustustiedotuksen suunnittelukunta Kieli englanti Sivumäärä 100 Tiivistelmä Maanpuolustustiedotuksen suunnittelukunnan (MTS) haastattelututkimuksessa on selvitetty kansalaisten mielipiteitä Suomen ulko-, turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikasta sekä maanpuolustuksesta. Mukana on myös kysymyksiä turvallisuuteen ja turvallisuudentunteeseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä, sekä turvallisuuden kehittymisetä seuraava viiden vuoden aikana sekä eri tahojen vaikutuksesta Suomen turvallisuuteen. Lisäksi kysytään huolta aiheuttavista tekijöistä, erilaisiin uhkiin varautumisesta, Euroopan unionin tulevaisuudesta, suhtautumisesta Suomen Nato-jäsenyyteen, Puolustusvoimien kykyyn torjua sotilaallisia uhkia, Suomen sotilaallisesta yhteistyöstä ja suhtautumisesta Euroopan unionin ja Naton väliseen yhteistyöhön, ekä Ukrainan auttamisesta. Kysymyksiä on kaikkiaan 21, joista kaksi uusia. Tutkimuksen teki Taloustutkimus Oy MTS:n toimeksiannosta. Tutkimus toteutettiin yhdistelmänä Omnibustutkimuksen henkilökohtaisia haastatteluja sekä Taloustutkimuksen internet-paneelissa. Tutkimuksen otos on 1 197 henkilöä. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmänä on maamme 15–79-vuotias väestö Ahvenanmaan maakuntaa lukuun ottamatta. Raportti koostuu tekstiosasta ja sitä täydentävistä kuvista, joissa näkyvät myös aiemmin esitettyjen kysymysten aikasarjat. Kuvat on tehty Taloustutkimus Oy:ssa. Osa kysymyksistä muodostaa yhtenäisen aikasarjan vuodesta 1964. Asiasanat asevelvollisuus, Nato, puolustus, puolustuspolitiikka, turvallisuuspolitiikka, turvallisuus, ulkopolitiikka ISBN PDF 978-951-663-427-5 ISSN PDF 2490-0052 Julkaisun osoite https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-427-5 https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-427-5 Presentationsblad 19.1.2024 Finländarnas åsikter om utrikes- och säkerhetspolitiken, försvaret och säkerheten Planeringskommissionen för försvarsinformation PFI 2024:3 Utgivare Försvarsministeriet Utarbetad av Planeringskommissionen för försvarsinformation Språk engelska Sidantal 100 Referat Planeringskommissionen för försvarsinformation (PFI) har i en intervjuundersökning rett ut medborgarnas åsikter om den finska utrikes-, säkerhets- och försvarspolitiken samt om försvaret. Med finns också frågor om faktorer som påverkar säkerheten och känslan av trygghet och om hur säkerheten kommer att utvecklas under de kommande fem åren samt om olika parters inverkan på Finlands säkerhet. Dessutom ingår frågor om faktorer som väcker oro, beredskapen inför olika hot, Europeiska unionens framtid, inställningen till Finlands medlemskap i Nato, förtroendet för Försvarsmaktens förmåga att avvärja militära hot, Finlands militära samarbete samt inställningen till samarbetet mellan Europeiska unionen och Nato och hjälpen till Ukraina. Frågorna var totalt 21 och två av dem var nya. Undersökningen gjordes av Taloustutkimus Oy på uppdrag av PFI. Undersökningen genomfördes som en kombination av en omnibusundersökning med personliga intervjuer och som en webbpanel av Taloustukimus. Undersökningen omfattar ett urval på 1 197 personer. Målgrupp för undersökningen är landets befolkning i åldern 15–79 år med undantag av landskapet Åland. Rapporten består av en textdel och figurer som kompletterar den, där tidsserier med tidigare ställda frågor kan ses. Figurerna har tagits fram av Taloustutkimus Oy. En del av frågorna utgör en enhetlig tidsserie sedan år 1964. Nyckelord Nato, värnplikt, försvar, försvarspolitik, säkerhetspolitik, säkerhet, utrikespolitik ISBN PDF 978-951-663-427-5 ISSN PDF 2490-0052 URN-adress https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-427-5 https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-427-5 Contents Foreword.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Nine out of ten are positive about Finland’s membership in NATO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Finland’s membership in NATO is expected to mean assistance from the allies to Finland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 As a member in NATO, Finland is obliged to assist member countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 NATO is seen as having the most positive impact on Finland’s security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Confidence in the management of foreign policy has increased from the past year. 19 The military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas is considered more threatening.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Future is perceived as more insecure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Strong support for cooperation with the European Union and NATO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Over half of the respondents say that their confidence in the EU’s future is unchanged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Nordic defence cooperation and NATO membership are believed to increase Finland’s security the most.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Trust in defence policy management remains strong.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Trust in the Defence Forces’ ability to defend Finland continues to be very strong.. 27 Majority are in favour of increasing defence appropriations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Attitudes of Finns towards military cooperation are very positive.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 National defence will remains strong.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Personal will to defend the country on a solid foundation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Strong support for the current conscription model.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 General conscription considered the best for Finland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Citizens’ service for all is welcomed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Assistance to Ukraine supported – majority want more sanctions against Russia. . . 41 Development in Russia and Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine the main concerns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Preparedness for an armed attack is good, critical infrastructure protection is seen as weaker.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Research branch of the ABDI.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chairpersons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The ABDI Secretariat and Office.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Enclosed graphs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 F O R E W O R D A survey commissioned by the Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI) explored the opinions of Finnish people on Finnish foreign and security policy as well as defence policy. It also includes questions about factors affecting safety and the sense of security and the development of security over the next five years. In addition, questions are asked about factors causing concern, preparedness for various threats, the future of the European Union, attitudes towards Finland’s membership in NATO, trust in the Defence Forces’ ability to combat military threats and attitudes towards cooperation between the European Union and NATO, and assistance to Ukraine. Altogether 21 questions were asked, two of which for the first time. The ABDI has conducted opinion polls since its establishment in 1976. There are also two questions posed by the ABDI’s predecessor, the Advisory Board for Mental Defence from 1964 to 1975. Commissioned by the ABDI, the survey was carried out by market research company Taloustutkimus Oy. The survey was carried out as a combination of personal interviews of the omnibus survey and the internet panel of Taloustutkimus Oy, such as interviews conducted in 2021–2022. A total of 544 personal interviews were conducted (43 per cent), while 653 panel responses were received. (57 per cent). The respondents comprised 623 women and 572 men. Before 2020, the survey was conducted only as personal interviews as part of the omnibus survey. The target group of the survey is the population aged 15 to 79 in Finland, with the exception of the Province of Åland. The survey’s sample size is 1,197 persons. The sample was formed by quota sampling in which the target group’s quotas were the distribution of age, gender, major region and municipality. The sample was weighted to match the target group. The weighted N values correspond to the population aged 15 to 79 in thousands (SVT 31.12.2016). The interviews were conducted between 8 and 26 November 2023 by 23 trained research interviewers from Taloustutkimus Oy. The interviews were conducted at 184 localities, 91 of which were cities and the remaining 93 other municipality types. The answers to the panel section were collected between 15 and 28 November 2023. The error margin of the survey is 3.2 percentage points for the whole population. 8 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Unweighted and weighted data by age group are divided as follows:   Unweighted N Unweighted % Weighted N Weighted % 15–19 yrs 68 6 % 271 6 % 20–24 yrs 76 6 % 311 7 % 25–34 yrs 127 11 % 741 17 % 35–49 yrs 295 25 % 1 049 24 % 50–64 yrs 323 27 % 1 039 24 % 65–79 yrs 308 26 % 962 22 % In the data, under 50-year-olds are underrepresented while 50-year-olds and over 65-year-olds are overrepresented. Overrepresentation and underrepresentation were corrected with weighting. In printing, the regional division is made into three: Helsinki-Uusimaa/Southern Finland (555 respondents), including the major regions of Helsinki-Uusimaa and Southern Finland, Western Finland (333 respondents), including the major region of Western Finland, and Eastern Finland/Oulu/Lapland (309 respondents), including the major region of Northern and Eastern Finland. The table below shows the numbers and proportions of respondents in unweighted and weighted data at the level of major regions.   Unweighted N Unweighted % Weighted N Weighted % Helsinki- Uusimaa 311 26 % 1 382 32 % Southern Finland 244 20 % 838 19 % Western Finland 333 28 % 1 176 27 % Northern and Eastern Finland 309 26 % 977 22 % 9 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 When interpreting background variables related to party affiliation, it must be taken into account that the collection of information is more reliable on larger parties when compared to smaller parties whose supporters are numerically fewer in the sample. Only parties whose voting was supported by over 50 respondents are included in the graphics showing results. Respondents were asked the following question: “Which party would you vote for if parliamentary elections were held now?” Of all of the respondents, 74 per cent (883 persons) revealed their party affiliation, while 26 per cent (314) declined to do so. In 2022, the corresponding numbers were 70 per cent and 30 per cent respectively. The report comprises a text section with illustrating figures that also present the time sequence of the questions asked in previous surveys. These illustrations were prepared by Taloustutkimus Oy. Some of the questions represent a continuous sequence since 1964. The questions were drawn up by the Research Branch and Work Branch of the ABDI. The research branch compiled the report for the work branch. The data from this survey, like that of the previous surveys, are stored in the Finnish Social Science Data Archive at the University of Tampere (www.fsd.uta.fi). ABDI’s survey reports are available in Finnish, Swedish and English on ABDI’s home page (www.defmin.fi/mts). Also in Norway, the ‘Folk og Forsvar’ conducts annual surveys on security and defence policy. They can be found at: https://www.folkogforsvar.no/ meningsmalinger/ The survey reports published by the ABDI are in the public domain. When referring to them, reference must be made stating that the data come from a survey conducted by the ABDI. http://www.fsd.tuni.fi http://www.defmin.fi/mts https://www.folkogforsvar.no/meningsmalinger/ https://www.folkogforsvar.no/meningsmalinger/ 10 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Summary Finland became a full member of NATO on the fourth day of April 2023. Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine has been going on for nearly two years. Finland has been the target of Russia’s hybrid operation. The results of the survey conducted in autumn 2023 show, in particular, strong support for Finland’s NATO membership and NATO’s strengthened role in increasing Finland’s security. On the other hand, the results also show increased insecurity felt by citizens and the deterioration of the military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas. Nine out of ten are in favour of Finland being a member in NATO while one in ten takes a negative view. Nine out of ten think other NATO allies would support Finland if necessary. Similarly, nine out of ten feel that Finland is obliged to assist other allies, if necessary. NATO’s contribution to security has strengthened from last year. Now NATO is clearly seen as the most positive actor contributing to Finland’s security. The European Union comes second whereas the positive influence of the UN and the OSCE has weakened. The positive impact of the United States on Finland’s security is also seen to have intensified. As far as Russia is concerned, Finns see only a negative impact on Finland’s security. Trust in the management of foreign policy has strengthened from last year; now four out of five think that foreign policy is well managed. Six out of ten feel that the military situation in Finland’s vicinity is increasingly threatening. The future is also perceived as increasingly unsafe; six out of ten think that Finns will live in a more unsafe future. Over half of the respondents think that their confidence in the future of the EU is unchanged. Nine out of ten welcomes cooperation between the European Union and NATO. Finland’s participation in Nordic defence cooperation and Finland’s membership in NATO are considered the most important factors contributing to Finland’s security. 11 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Trust in the management of defence policy has remained stable, four out of five believe that defence policy has been well managed. Citizens’ confidence in the Defence Forces’ ability to counter military threats against Finland is very strong as nine out of ten trust it. The increase in defence appropriations is strongly supported. Six out of ten support the increase, one-third are in favour of maintaining the current level and four per cent support the decrease. The will to defend the nation remains strong, eight out of ten believe that Finns should defend themselves militarily in all situations. The number of positive responses from women has decreased from last year. Defence cooperation carried out by Finland is widely supported, and cooperation with various parties is supported by 84–96 per cent. The current conscription system also receives strong support; four out of five support the current model. When asked about Finland’s defence system, including the current conscription model, conscription for both women and men, or voluntary conscription, one-half support the current model while three out of ten support conscription for both women and men. Assistance to Ukraine is still supported in terms of both economic and military support, and more than half would like to see more EU sanctions imposed on Russia. Development in Russia and Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine are the main concerns. It is estimated that preparedness for an armed attack is very good, while the protection of critical infrastructure is weaker. Nine out of ten are positive about Finland’s membership in NATO The ABDI asked for the first time views on membership in NATO since Finland joined the Alliance in April 2023. Nine out of ten hold a positive view, half or 51 per cent are very positive about it while over one third or 37 per cent hold a fairly positive view. 12 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Eighty-eight per cent of men and 87 per cent of women hold a positive view. Of those over 50 years of age, 91 per cent think this way; of the 35 to 49 years of age 88 per cent; of those younger than 25 years of age 82 per cent and of the 25 to 34 years of age 81 per cent are of this opinion. Ninety-nine per cent of Coalition Party supporters are in favour of the membership while 92 per cent of Finns Party supporters, 91 per cent of Centre Party and SDP supporters, 89 per cent of Green Party supporters and 67 per cent Left Alliance supporters share this view. Nine per cent have a negative attitude towards membership in NATO, ten per cent of women and eight per cent of men. Thirteen per cent of 25 to 34-year-olds have a negative opinion, twelve per cent of under 25-year-olds, nine per cent of 35 to 49-year-olds and six per cent of over 50-year-olds share this view. Twenty-nine per cent of Left Alliance supporters, seven per cent of Finns Party and SDP supporters, six per cent of Centre Party supporters and four per cent of Green Party supporters hold a negative view. There are no negative views on Finland’s membership among Coalition Party supporters. Three per cent of both women and men have no opinion. (Figure 1) Finland’s membership in NATO is expected to mean assistance from the allies to Finland Finland has been a member of NATO since 4 April 2023. One of the key principles governing NATO’s activities is the fifth Article of the North Atlantic Treaty, according to which: “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.” 13 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 The ABDI asked about views on two questions: Other NATO countries must be prepared to defend Finland should Finland become the victim of armed attack. Eighty-four per cent fully agree with this statement, 86 per cent of men and 81 per cent of women. Eighty-eight per cent of Coalition Party supporters fully agree, 86 per cent of SDP and Centre Party supporters, 84 per cent of Finns Party supporters, 75 per cent of Green Party supporters and 71 per cent of Left Alliance supporters share this view. Thirteen per cent of respondents agree with this statement, 14 per cent of women and 12 per cent of men. This view was held by 22 per cent of Green Party supporters, 17 per cent of Left Alliance supporters, 14 per cent of Finns Party supporters, 12 per cent of Coalition Party supporters, 11 per cent of SDP supporters and 10 per cent of Centre Party supporters. One per cent of the respondents disagree and no one fully disagrees. Two per cent have no opinion, three per cent of women and one per cent of men. (Figure 2) As a member in NATO, Finland is obliged to assist member countries Finland must be prepared to defend another NATO country should it fall victim to armed aggression. Sixty-five per cent fully agree with this statement, 70 per cent of men and 60 per cent of women. This view is held by 76 per cent of Coalition Party supporters, 72 per cent of Centre Party supporters, 70 per cent of Green Party supporters, 66 per cent of SDP supporters, 65 per cent of Finns Party supporters and 54 per cent of Left Alliance supporters. Twenty-six per cent of respondents agree, 31 per cent of women and 22 per cent of men. This view is held by 31 per cent of Finns Party supporters, 28 per cent of Left Alliance supporters, 26 per cent of SDP supporters, 24 per cent of Coalition Party supporters, 23 per cent of Green Party supporters and 19 per cent of Centre Party supporters. 14 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Three per cent of both men and women disagree, and three per cent strongly disagree. Two per cent have no opinion, four per cent of women and one per cent of men. (Figure 3) Figure 2A. NATO membership, access to assistance and provision of assistance "What do you think of the following statements?" NATO is seen as having the most positive impact on Finland’s security The question asks to assess international organisations, the EU, the OSCE, NATO and the UN, and countries such as Great Britain, China, Russia and the United States, depending on whether they have a positive, negative, both positive and negative impact or no impact at all on Finland’s security. This question has been asked 13 times, and the United Kingdom is included for the first time. NATO’s positive influence has increased clearly; in 2021, nearly one third, or 31 per cent, felt that NATO’s influence was positive. Now it is seen as clearly more positive than the European Union. The positive impact of the EU has varied between 57 and 70 per cent. The positive impact of the UN has decreased and is now at its lowest in measuring history. The highest number of those who have no opinion is linked to the questions pertaining to the OSCE. 84 65 13 26 2 2 1 3 3 0 25 50 75 100 % Fully agree Somewhat agree Cannot say Somewhat disagree Fully disagree Other NATO countries must be prepared to defend Finland should Finland fall victim to armed aggression Finland must be prepared to defend another NATO country should it fall victim to armed aggression 15 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 4A. Impact of different actors on Finland’s security 2007–2010 and 2016–2023 "How do you assess the impact of the following factors on Finland's security?" This question has not been asked in 2011-2015 *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel North Atlantic Treaty Organization Seventy-eight per cent see a positive impact (68 % in 2022), two per cent see no impact(3 %), four per cent see a negative impact (7 %), and 14 per cent see both positive and negative impacts (17 %). Two per cent have no opinion (5 %). EU Sixty-three per cent see a positive impact (65 % in 2022) while 12 per cent see no impact (9 %), seven per cent see a negative impact (7 %) and 15 per cent think that the EU have both positive and negative impacts (13 %). Three per cent (6 %) have no opinion. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 2 02 3* Aut um n 2 02 2* Sp rin g 2 02 2* Aut um n 2 02 1* Aut um n 2 02 0* Aut um n 2 01 9 Aut um n 2 01 8 Aut um n 2 01 7 Aut um n 2 01 6 Aut um n 2 01 0 Aut um n 2 00 9 A ut um n 2 00 8 Aut um n 2 00 7 The EU OSCE The UN NatoPositive effect % 16 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 The UN Forty-three per cent see a positive impact (50 % in 2022), while 36 per cent see no impact (27 %), three per cent see a negative impact (3 %), and seven per cent see both positive and negative impacts (8 %). Ten per cent have no opinion (8 %). The OSCE Thirty-one per cent think there is a positive impact (35 % in 2022), 24 per cent see no impact (23 %), one per cent thinks there is a negative impact (1 %) while six per cent think there are both positive and negative impacts (5 %). Thirty-eight per cent (36 %) have no opinion while 55 per cent of under 25-year-olds and 58 per cent of 25–34-year-olds have no opinion. In addition to NATO, the positive impact of the United States has increased clearly; now half of the respondents consider the impact of the United States on Finland’s security positive; in autumn 2021, more than one-fifth shred this opinion. At the same time, the negative impact has weakened. The United Kingdom is included in the survey for the first time. Less than half of the respondent sees its impact as positive, and hardly any of them see any negative impact. The negative impact of China is seen to have increased, while fewer respondents chose the option no impact. China is seen to have a minor positive impact. Russia’s negative impact has always been seen quite big, but now it is the biggest in the survey’s history; nine out of ten feel that Russia’s impact is negative, and no one thinks there is a positive impact. 17 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 4B. The impact of different actors on Finland’s security 2007–2010 and 2016–2023, positive impact "How do you assess the impact of the following factors on Finland's security?" This question has not been asked in 2011-2015 *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel United States Fifty-three per cent sees a positive impact (48 % in 2022), seven per cent think there is no impact (9 %), six per cent think there is a negative impact (9 %) while 26 per cent think there are both positive and negative impacts (26 %). Eight per cent have no opinion (8 %). United Kingdom Forty-two per cent of the respondents think the United Kingdom have a positive impact while 30 per cent think there is no impact, two per cent think there is a negative impact and seven per cent think there are both positive and negative impacts. Nineteen per cent have no opinion, 11 per cent of men and 27 per cent of women. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Autu m n 20 23 * Autu m n 20 22 * Sp rin g 20 22 * Autu m n 20 21 * Autu m n 20 20 * Autu m n 20 19 Autu m n 20 18 Autu m n 20 17 Autu m n 20 16 Autu m n 20 10 Autu m n 20 09 A utu m n 20 08 Autu m n 20 07 Positive effect USA The United Kingdom China Russia 18 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 China Two per cent of the respondents see a positive impact (2 % in 2022), 15 per cent see no impact (23 %), 51 per cent see a negative impact (40 %) and 18 per cent see both positive and negative impacts (18 %). Thirteen per cent have no opinion (17 %), nine per cent of men and 17 per cent of women. Russia Zero per cent thinks there is a positive impact (1 % in 2022), two per cent thinks there is no impact(3 %), 91 per cent see a negative impact (87 %), and four per cent think there are both positive and negative impacts (6 %). Three per cent have no opinion (4 %). (Figures 4, 5 and 6). Figure 4C. Impact of different actors on Finland’s security, negative impact "How do you assess the impact of the following factors on Finland's security?" This question has not been asked in 2011-2015 *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Negative effectNegative effect USA The United Kingdom China RussiaUSA The United Kingdom China Russia Autu m n 20 23 * Autu m n 20 22 * Sp rin g 20 22 * Autu m n 20 21 * Autu m n 20 20 * Autu m n 20 19 Autu m n 20 18 Autu m n 20 17 Autu m n 20 16 Autu m n 20 10 Autu m n 20 09 A utu m n 20 08 Autu m n 20 07 19 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Confidence in the management of foreign policy has increased from the past year Seventy-nine percent (74 % in 2022) think foreign policy is well managed, 80 per cent (72 %) of women and 77 per cent (75 %) of men. Eighty-six per cent (79 %) of over 50-year-olds agree, and so do 78 per cent (73 %) of under 25-year-olds, 77 per cent (65 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, and 62 per cent (69 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds. 91 per cent (79 % in 2022) of Coalition Party supporters consider that foreign policy has been well managed, 88 per cent (76 %) of Centre Party supporters, 87 per cent (89 %) of SDP supporters, 80 per cent (87 %) of Green Party supporters, 75 per cent (84 %) of Left Alliance supporters and 62 per cent (40 %) of Finns Party supporters agree. Seventeen per cent (21 % in 2022) of the respondents think that Finland’s foreign policy is poorly managed, 20 per cent (23 %) of men and 15 % (20 %) of women. Twenty-eight per cent (25 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds share this view, and so do 20 per cent (28 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 13 per cent (19 %) of over 50-year-olds, and 11 per cent (15 %) of under 25-year-olds. Thirty-four per cent (55 % in 2022) of Finns Party supporters consider foreign policy poorly managed, 20 per cent (8 %) of Left Alliance supporters, 10 per cent (19 % and 10 %) of Centre Party and SDP supporters, 14 per cent (7 %) of Green Party supporters and eight per cent (18 %) of Coalition Party supporters. Four per cent (5 % in 2022) have no opinion, six per cent (8 %) of women and 3 per cent (2 %) of men. (Figures 7 and 8). 20 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 8A. Management of Finland’s foreign policy 1964–2023 "In your opinion, how well or how poorly has Finnish foreign policy been conducted in recent years?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel The military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas is considered more threatening “What do you think of the military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas over the next ten years?” The ABDI asked this question for the 13th time in this survey. In 2014, nearly half or 46 per cent of the respondents felt, for the first time regarding the next ten years, that the military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas was becoming more threatening. The next major change took place in spring 2022, when nearly two 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 02 Dec em ber 20 00 Ju ne 1 99 9 In th e y ea r 1 99 6 In th e y ea r 1 99 4 In th e y ea r 1 99 1 In th e y ea r 1 98 9 Dec em ber 19 86 In th e y ea r 1 98 3 In th e y ea r 1 98 0 In th e y ea r 1 97 5 In th e y ea r 1 97 2 In th e y ea r 1 96 9 % Well PoorlyWhole population 21 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 thirds or 64 per cent, felt that the military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas had become more threatening. In autumn 2022, slightly over half or 55 per cent of the respondents felt this way. Now more than half or 60 per cent (55 % in autumn 2022) feel that the military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas has become more threatening, 64 per cent (60 %) of women and 56 per cent (50 %) of men. Of over 50-year-olds, 68 per cent (60 %) shared this view, as did 61 per cent (55 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 53 per cent (50 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, and 41 per cent (45 %) of under 25-year-olds. Slightly more than a fourth or 28 per cent (30 % in autumn 2022) of the respondents think that the situation will remain the same, 33 per cent (31 %) of men and 23 per cent (28 %) of women. Seven per cent (11 % in autumn 2022) see the situation as less threatening, nine per cent (15 %) of men and five per cent (7 %) of women. Five percent (5 %) have no opinion, seven per cent (4 %) of women and 3 per cent (5 %) of men. (Figures 9 and 10). 22 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 10A. Military situation in Finland’s neighbouring areas 2004–2023 "What is your estimate of the military situation in Finland’s near environs during the next decade?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Future is perceived as more insecure. More than half or 60 per cent (53 % in 2022) think that the life of Finns will be less secure, 65 per cent (59 %) of women and 55 per cent (47 %) of men. Of over 50-year- olds, 67 per cent (58 %) think life will be less secure, as do 58 per cent (55 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 57 per cent (48 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, and 42 per cent (37 %) of under 25-year-olds. One out of four or 25 % (23 % in 2022) see no difference to the present situation, 24 per cent (29 %) of men and 20 per cent (22 %) of women think this way. Thirty- one per cent (28 %) of under 25-year-olds agree as do 17 per cent (17 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, 35 to 49-year-olds and over 50-year-olds. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Aut um n 2 02 3* Aut um n 2 02 2* Sp rin g 2 02 2* Aut um n 2 02 1* Aut um n 2 02 0* Aut um n 2 01 9 Aut um n 2 01 8 Aut um n 2 01 5 Aut um n 2 01 4 Aut um n 2 01 1 Aut um n 2 00 7 A ut um n 2 00 5 Aut um n 2 00 4 More threatening Whole population Less threatening More or less the same 23 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Fourteen percent (21 % in 2022) of the respondents believe in a more secure future, 17 per cent (27 %) of men and 10 per cent (15 %) of women. Five per cent (3 %) have no opinion, five per cent (4 %) of women and 4 per cent (3 %) of men. The ABDI has asked this question since 1990, and only twice before, 60 per cent or more in 2017 and 65 per cent in 2015 felt that the future felt less secure. (Figures 11 and 12). Figure 12A. Safer or less safe future 1990–2023 "Considering the present world situation as a whole, do you believe that during the next five years Finland and Finns will live in a safer or in a less safe world compared to the present?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 03 Sp rin g 20 01 In th e y ea r 1 99 9 In th e y ea r 1 99 7 Nov em ber 19 95 Oct ob er 19 94 Nov em ber 19 93 Nov em ber 19 92 Oct ob er 19 91 Oct ob er 19 90 % Safer No difference to the present Less safeWhole population 24 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Strong support for cooperation with the European Union and NATO The European Union and NATO engage in close practical cooperation to combat security threats and to improve security. What is your view of this cooperation? Nine out of ten or 87 per cent (87 % in 2022), 89 per cent (89 %) of men and 85 per cent (86 %) of women feel very or fairly positive about this cooperation. Ninety-six per cent (96 %) of Centre Party supporters agree as do 95 per cent (95 %) of Green Party supporters, 92 per cent (99 %) of Coalition Party supporters, 90 per cent (96 %) of SDP supporters, 88 per cent (80 %) of Finns Party supporters, and 73 per cent (61 %) of Left Alliance supporters. Eight per cent of the respondents hold a negative view, 8 per cent (7 %) of men and six per cent (9 %) of women. (Figure 13) Over half of the respondents say that their confidence in the EU’s future is unchanged Over one-half or 54 per cent (48 % in 2022) of the respondents say that their confidence in the future of the European Union is unchanged, 60 per cent (52 %) of women and 49 per cent (44 %) of men. Seventy per cent (44 %) of under 25-year- olds share this view, and 57 per cent (50 %) of over 50-year-olds, 49 per cent (48 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds and 41 per cent (45 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds agree. One-third or 33 per cent (33 % in 2022) feel that their confidence in the future of the European Union has decreased, 39 per cent (33 %) of men and 27 per cent (32 %) of women share this view. Forty per cent (39 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds are of this opinion, and 39 per cent (32 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 32 per cent (33 %) of over 50-year-olds, and 18 per cent (24 %) of under 25-year-olds agree. One in ten or 11 per cent (17 % in 2022) say that their confidence in the future of the European Union has increased, 12 per cent (21 %) of men and 10 per cent (13 %) of women. Two per cent (3 % in 2022) have no opinion. (Figure 14) 25 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Nordic defence cooperation and NATO membership are believed to increase Finland’s security the most The question now covers eight different factors or phenomena that are assessed according to whether they increase or decrease Finland’s security. The question has been asked since 2004. This year, one new factor was added: Diplomacy and conflict prevention. Finland’s membership in NATO, from autumn 2022, was previously asked about as Finland’s possible membership in NATO. The increase in the ownership of non-EU and non-EEA countries in Finland’s economic life is a new item. This was previously asked about as the increase in foreign ownership in Finland’s economic life. The results as per factors increasing Finland’s security: Finland’s participation in Nordic defence cooperation increases security, 91 per cent, (89 % in 2022), reduces security, one per cent (1 %), has no impact, five per cent (7 %). Finland’s membership in NATO, increases security, 87 per cent (80 % in 2022), reduces security, six per cent (8 %), has no impact, four per cent (5 %). Diplomacy and conflict prevention (new item), increases security, 81 per cent, decreases security, two per cent, has no impact, 12 per cent. Finland’s participation in developing the EU defence cooperation, increases security, 79 per cent (77 % in 2022), reduces security, two per cent (4 %), has no impact, 12 per cent (14 %). Finland’s membership in the EU, increases security, 72 per cent (72 % in 2002), reduces security, four per cent (6 %), has no impact, 21 % (18 %). Finnish participation in international crisis management tasks, increases security, 57 per cent (61 % in 2002), reduces security, five per cent (6 %), has no impact, 29 per cent (26 %). Finland’s increased international economic interaction, increases security, 56 per cent (53 % in 2022), decreases security, six per cent (8 %), has no impact, 29 per cent (28 %). 26 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Increased ownership of non-EU and non-EEA countries in the Finnish economy (new item), increases security, 10 per cent, reduces security, 55 per cent, has no impact, 20 per cent. (Figures 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19) Trust in defence policy management remains strong Eighty-three per cent (85 % in 2022) of the respondents consider that Finland’s defence policy is well managed, 83 per cent (87 % in 2022) of men and 81 per cent (81 %) of women. Of over 50-year-olds, 90 per cent (90 %) think this way while among 35 to 49-year-olds, 81 per cent (81 %) share this view, as do 75 per cent (78 %) of under 25-year-olds and 68 per cent (76 %) 25 to 34-year-olds. Ninety-seven per cent (92 % in 2022) of Coalition Party supporters think that Finnish foreign policy is well managed, as do 91 per cent (95 %) of Green Party supporters, 88 per cent (89 %) of Centre Party supporters, 86 per cent (94 %) of SDP supporters, 75 per cent (76 %) of Finns Party supporters, and 64 per cent (74 %) of Left Alliance supporters. Eight per cent (7 % in 2022) of the respondents consider that Finland’s defence policy is poorly managed, 10 per cent (9 %) of men and eight per cent (7 %) of women. This view is shared by 14 per cent (9 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 12 per cent (11 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, and six per cent of under 25-year-olds and over 50-year-olds (7 % and 5 % respectively). Of Finns Party and Left Alliance supporters, 15 per cent (16 % and 7 % respectively in 2022) consider defence policy poorly managed, as do seven per cent (3 %) of Centre Party supporters, four per cent (3 %) of SDP supporters, two per cent (6 %) of Coalition Party supporters, and one per cent (0 %) of Green Party supporters. Nine per cent (8 % in 2022) have no opinion, 11 per cent (12 %) of women and seven per cent (4 %) of men. (Figures 20 and 21). 27 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 21A. Management of Finland’s defence policy 2005–2023 "In your opinion, how well or how poorly has Finland’s defence policy been conducted in recent years?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Trust in the Defence Forces’ ability to defend Finland continues to be very strong “Do you trust the Defence Forces’ ability to defend Finland against various military threats?” This question was now asked for the fourth time. Nine out of ten, 89 per cent (89 % in 2022), trust very or fairly much the Defence Forces’ ability to defend Finland against various military threats, 91 per cent (93 %) of men and 87 per cent (86 %) of women. Nine per cent (8 % in 2022) trust very or fairly little in the Defence Forces’ ability to defend Finland against military threats, ten per cent (11 %) of women and eight per cent (6 %) of men. (Figure 22) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 22 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 05 % Well PoorlyWhole population 28 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Majority are in favour of increasing defence appropriations Fifty-nine per cent percent (58 % in 2022) of the respondents are in favour of increasing defence appropriations, 67 per cent (64 %) of men and 52 per cent (54 %) of women. Of over 50-year-olds, 72 per cent (68 %) support an increase as do 63 per cent (58 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 38 per cent (52 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, and 36 per cent (35 %) of under 25-year-olds. Eighty-one per cent of Centre Party and Finns Party supporters (77 % and 70 % respectively) are in favour of an increase, 76 per cent (74 %) of Coalition Party supporters, 56 per cent (67 %) of SDP supporters, 31 % (43 %) of Green Party supporters, and 19 per cent (27 %) of Left Alliance supporters agree. Thirty per cent (27 % in 2022) would keep defence appropriations at the current level, 33 per cent (28 %) of women and 27 per cent (27 %) of men. Forty-six per cent (36 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, 42 per cent (27 %) of under 25-year-olds, 27 per cent (30 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, and 22 per cent (23 %) of over 50-year-olds share this opinion. Fifty-three per cent of Left Alliance supporters (30 % in 2022) think that defence appropriations should be kept at the current level, and this view is shared by 40 per cent (42 %) of Green Party supporters, 30 per cent (23 %) of SDP supporters, 22 per cent (21 %) of Coalition Party supporters, 18 per cent (23 %) of Finns Party supporters, and 14 per cent (18 %) of Centre Party supporters. Four per cent (7 % in 2022) of the respondents are in favour of cutting defence appropriations, five per cent (8 %) of women and 3 per cent (6 %) of men. Eighteen per cent (33 % in 2022) of Left Alliance supporters, 12 per cent (9 %) of Green Party supporters and five per cent (6 %) of SDP supporters are in favour of cutting defence appropriations. There is no support for the cutting among Coalition Party supporters, Finns Party supporters and Centre Party supporters (2 %, 3 % and 2 % respectively). Seven percent (7 % in 2022) have no opinion, 10 per cent (10 %) of women and 4 per cent (4 %) of men. (Figures 23 and 24). 29 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 24A. Defence appropriations 1964–2023 "What is your opinion on funds allocated to the Defence Forces?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Attitudes of Finns towards military cooperation are very positive “Finland engages in military cooperation and activities, for example with Sweden, the other Nordic countries, the United States and the United Kingdom, and as a Member of the European Union and NATO. What is your view of this cooperation?” A new point, military cooperation with the United Kingdom, was added to this question in 2023, and the previous formulation with NATO was changed to as a NATO ally. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 03 Sp rin g 20 01 Oct ob er 19 98 In th e y ea r 1 99 6 Oct ob er 19 94 April 19 93 April 19 91 Dec em ber 19 88 Ja nua ry 19 86 In th e y ea r 1 98 4 In th e y ea r 1 98 1 In th e y ea r 1 97 8 In th e y ea r 1 97 3 In th e y ea r 1 97 0 % Should be raised Remain at present level Should be decreased Whole population 30 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Results by a favourable attitude: y Ninety-seven per cent (96 % in 2022) of the respondents are in favour of military cooperation with all Nordic countries y Ninety-six per cent (96 % in 2022) are in favour of military cooperation with Sweden y Ninety-one per cent are in favour of military cooperation in the European Union (90 % in 2022) y Ninety per cent are in favour of military cooperation as a NATO ally (86 % with NATO in 2022) y Eighty-eight per cent are in favour of military cooperation with Great Britain y Eighty-four per cent (81 % in 2002) of the respondents take a positive view on military cooperation with the United States. (Figures 25–31). 31 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 National defence will remains strong ‘If Finland were attacked, should Finns, in your opinion, take up arms to defend themselves in all situations, even if the outcome seemed uncertain?’ Figure 33A. National defence will 1970–2023 "If Finland were attacked, should Finns, in your opinion, take up arms to defend themselves in all situations, even if the outcome seemed uncertain?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Seventy-nine per cent (83 % in 2022) of the respondents answered in the affirmative, 86 per cent (89 %) of men and 73 per cent (78 %) of women. Of the over 50-year-olds, 85 per cent (88 %) answered in the affirmative, as do 83 per cent (82 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 72 per cent (74 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, and 61 per cent (76 %) of under 25-year-olds. Ninety-four per cent (94 % in 2022) of Centre Party supporters answered in the affirmative as did 92 per cent (93 %) of Coalition Party supporters, 90 per cent (91 %) of Finns Party supporters, 77 per cent (85 %) of SDP supporters, 53 per cent (75 %) of Green Party supporters, and 45 per cent (54 %) of Left Alliance supporters. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Sp rin g 20 22 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 04 Aut um n 20 02 Dec em ber 20 00 Ju ne 1 99 9 Ju ne 1 99 8 In th e y ea r 1 99 6 In th e y ea r 1 99 4 In th e y ea r 1 99 2 April 19 91 In th e y ea r 1 98 9 In th e y ea r 1 98 7 In th e y ea r 1 98 2 In th e y ea r 1 97 0 % Yes NoWhole population 32 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Nine per cent (8 % in 2022) of the respondents answered in the negative, ten per cent (10 %) of women and eight per cent (6 %) of men. Twenty per cent (17 %) of under 25-year-olds have a negative opinion and 14 per cent (10 %) of 25 to 34-year- olds, seven per cent (6 %) of over 50-year-olds and five per cent (6 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds share this view. Of the Green Party and the Left Alliance supporters, 28 per cent (12 % and 30 % respectively) answered in the negative, and this view is shared by eight per cent the SDP supporters, five per cent (3 % and 6 % respectively) of the Coalition Party and Finns Party supporters, and three per cent (1 %) of the Centre Party supporters. Eleven per cent (9 % in 2022) have no opinion, 17 per cent (12 %) of women and six per cent (6 %) of men. (Figures 32 and 33). Figure 33B. Will to defend the country, total population, women and men, yes answers "If Finland were attacked, should Finns, in your opinion, take up arms to defend themselves in all situations, even if the outcome seemed uncertain?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Whole population Women MenYes -answers 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 22 * Sp rin g 20 22 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 04 Aut um n 20 03 % 33 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 33C. Will to defend the country, total population, persons aged under 25, persons aged 25 to 34, yes answers "If Finland were attacked, should Finns, in your opinion, take up arms to defend themselves in all situations, even if the outcome seemed uncertain?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Personal will to defend the country on a solid foundation If Finland were attacked, would you be prepared to participate in the various tasks of national defence according to your abilities and skills? Eighty-three per cent (82 % in 2022) answered in the affirmative, 87 per cent (89 %) of men and 79 per cent (75 %) of women. Of the 34 to 49-year-olds, 87 per cent (86 %) answered in the affirmative, as did 84 per cent (81 % and 82 % respectively) of over 50-year-olds and 25 to 34-year-olds, and 69 per cent (78 %) of under 25-year-olds. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 22 * Sp rin g 20 22 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 04 Aut um n 20 03 % Whole population Under 25 years 25–34 yearsYes -answers 34 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Ninety-five per cent (88 %) of the Coalition Party supporters share this view as do 89 per cent (87 % and 84 % respectively) of the Finns Party and Centre Party supporters, 82 per cent (89 %) of the Green Party supporters, 77 per cent (82 %) of the SDP supporters, and 74 per cent (64 %) of the Left Alliance supporters. Eight per cent (10 % in 2022) answer in the negative, nine per cent (14 %) of women and seven per cent (5 %) of men. Nine per cent (8 %) have no opinion, 13 per cent (11 %) of women and six per cent (6 %) of men. (Figures 34 and 35). Strong support for the current conscription model The alternatives in this question are the current, male, general conscription, selective reduction of military training and transition to a professional army. This question has been asked since 2001. Support for the current model has varied between 63 and 82 per cent. Eight to 27 per cent support the transition to selective conscription. The support for a professional army has varied between six-and twelve per cent. 35 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 37A. General conscription 2001–2023 "Based on a general, compulsory military service for men, Finnish military defence provides military training for as many of the same age group as possible, thus producing a large reserve personnel. Should the current system be retained or should we change over to a selective conscript service where only a part of the same age group receives military training? Or should we change over to a professional army?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 22 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 04 Aut um n 20 03 Aut um n 20 02 Aut um n 20 01 Sp rin g 20 01 % Whole population Retain the current system Reduce selectively the number of those receiving military training Abolish general conscription and change over to a professional army 36 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 37B. General conscription 2003–2023 total population, women, men "Based on a general, compulsory military service for men, Finnish military defence provides military training for as many of the same age group as possible, thus producing a large reserve personnel. Should the current system be retained or should we change over to a selective conscript service where only a part of the same age group receives military training? Or should we change over to a professional army?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 22 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 04 Aut um n 20 03 % Whole population Women MenRetain the current system 37 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 37C. General conscription 2003–2023, persons under 25 of entire population, persons aged 25–34 "Based on a general, compulsory military service for men, Finnish military defence provides military training for as many of the same age group as possible, thus producing a large reserve personnel. Should the current system be retained or should we change over to a selective conscript service where only a part of the same age group receives military training? Or should we change over to a professional army?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Four out of five or 81 per cent (82 % in 2022) support the current conscription system in Finland, 82 per cent (84 %) of men and 81 per cent (80 %) of women. Ninety-one per cent (89 %) of over 50-year-olds are in favour of the current system, as are 77 per cent (80 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 72 per cent (78 %) of 25 to 34-year- olds, and 67 per cent (69 %) of under 25-year-olds. Ninety-three per cent (93 %) of Centre Party supporters are in favour of the current conscription system, as are 88 per cent (90 %) of Finns Party supporters, 86 per cent of Coalition Party and SDP supporters (90 % and 83 % respectively), 61 per cent (72 %) of Green Party supporters, and 48 per cent (48 %) of Left Alliance supporters. 50 60 70 80 90 100 Aut um n 20 23 * Aut um n 20 22 * Aut um n 20 21 * Aut um n 20 20 * Aut um n 20 19 Aut um n 20 18 Aut um n 20 17 Aut um n 20 16 Aut um n 20 15 Aut um n 20 14 Aut um n 20 13 Aut um n 20 12 Aut um n 20 11 Aut um n 20 10 Aut um n 20 09 Aut um n 20 08 Aut um n 20 07 Aut um n 20 06 Aut um n 20 05 Aut um n 20 04 Aut um n 20 03 % Whole population Under 25 years 25–34 yearsRetain the current system 38 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Nine per cent (8 % in 2022) of the respondents support a system where the number of those receiving military training is reduced selectively, 10 per cent (8 %) of men and seven per cent (8 %) of women. This is supported by 15 per cent (11 %) of under 25-year-olds, 11 per cent of 25 to 34-year-olds and 35 to 49-year-olds (9 % and 12 % respectively) and five per cent (4 %) of over 50-year-olds. Twenty-three per cent (13 % in 2022) of Green Party supporters are in favour of a selective model. This view is shared by 20 per cent (21 %) of Left Alliance supporters, eight per cent (4 %) of Finns Party supporters, six per cent of Coalition Party and SDP supporters (7 % and 8 % respectively) and one per cent (1 %) of Centre Party supporters. Six per cent (6 % in 2022) of both men (5 %) and women (6 %) are in favour of transitioning to a professional army. Fourteen per cent (16 %) of under 25-year-olds support a professional army, and eight per cent (4 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, six per cent (6 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, and three per cent (3 %) of over 50-year-olds agree. Of Left Alliance supporters, 24 per cent (22 % in 2022) are in favour of professional army, 11 per cent (4 %) of Green Party supporters, six per cent (4 %) of SDP supporters, four per cent (1 % and 4 %) of Coalition Party and Centre Party supporters and two per cent (3 %) of Finns Party supporters, Four per cent (5 % in 2022) have no opinion, 6 per cent (6 %) of women and 2 per cent (3 %) of men. (Figures 36 and 37). General conscription considered the best for Finland In your view, should Finland’s defence system be based on the current system of conscription for men and voluntary military service for women, general military service for both men and women, voluntary military service for both men and women, or a professional army? The current system Fifty-three per cent of the respondents (53 % in 2022) are in favour of the current system, 55 per cent (53 %) of women and 51 per cent (54 %) of men. Of those over 50 years, 62 per cent (65 %) are in favour of the current system. Fifty per cent (46 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, 42 per cent (36 %) of under 25-year-olds, and 39 per cent of 25 to 34-year-olds (48 %) agree. 39 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 As to supporters of the Centre Party, 77 per cent (69 % in 2022) are in favour of the current system. Fifty-eight per cent (54 %) of SDP supporters, 54 per cent (60 %) of Finns Party supporters, 49 per cent (63 %) of Coalition Party supporters, 32 per cent (32 %) of Green Party supporters, and 28 per cent (24 %) of Left Alliance supporters agree. General conscription for both men and women Thirty percent (31 % in 2022) of the respondents support general conscription for men and women alike, 34 per cent (35 %) of men and 26 per cent (26 %) of women. As to 25 to 34-year-olds, 35 per cent (33 %) support this model while 31 per cent of over 50-year-olds (26 %), thirty per cent of 35 to 49-year-olds (38 %), and 21 per cent of under 25-year-olds (33 %) agree. Forty per cent (31 % in 2022) of the Coalition Party supporters are in favour of conscription for both men and women. This view is shared by 36 per cent (30 %) of Finns Party supporters, 35 per cent (42 %) of Green Party supporters, 29 per cent (35 %) of SDP supporters, 24 per cent (24 %) of Left Alliance supporters and 17 per cent of Centre Party supporters (26 %). Voluntary military service for both men and women Ten per cent (10 % in 2022) of the respondents support voluntary conscription for men and women alike, 11 per cent (7 %) of women and nine per cent (7 %) of men. Twenty-five per cent (23 % in 2022) of under 25-year-olds support the voluntary model while 15 per cent (13 %) of 25–34-year-olds, 11 per cent (9 %) of 35–49-year- olds and four per cent (5 %) of over 50-year-olds agree. Thirty-four per cent (37 % in 2022) of Left Alliance supporters are in favour of a voluntary system. This view is shared by 25 per cent (17 %) of Green Party supporters, seven per cent (8 %) of SDP supporters, 5 per cent (7 %) of Finns Party supporters, three per cent (5 %) of Coalition Party supporters and 2 per cent (3 %) of Centre Party supporters. Professional army Four per cent (3 % in 2022) of the respondents support a professional army, 5 per cent (3 %) of men and 4 per cent (4 %) of women. Six per cent of under 25-year-olds and 25 to 34-year-olds (5 % and 4 % respectively) support a professional army. Five per cent (4 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds and three per cent (2 %) of over 50-year-olds agree. 40 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Of Left Alliance supporters, 14 per cent (12 % in 2022) are in favour of professional army while five per cent (3 %) of Green Party supporters, four per cent of Coalition Party, Finns Party and SDP supporters (1 %, 2 % and 3 % respectively) and one per cent (3 %) of Centre Party supporters agree. (Figure 38) Figure 38 A. Finland’s defence system 2016–2023 "In your view, should Finland's defence system be based on... " *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 A professional army Whole population % The current system with general conscription for men and voluntary military service for women General conscription for both men and women Voluntary military service for both men and women 41 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Citizens’ service for all is welcomed The ABDI has asked eight times about the attitude towards citizens’ service for both men and women, which could be performed either as military or non-military service. Sixty-one per cent of hold a positive view on citizens’ service (59 % in 2022), 61 (60 %) of men and 60 % (58 %) of women. Sixty-seven per cent (75 %) of under 25-year-olds share this view, as do 63 per cent (57 %) of 25 to 34-year-olds, 57 per cent (59 %) of 35 to 49-year-olds, and 60 per cent (54 %) of over 50-year-olds. Seventy-one per cent (60 % in 2022) of Left Alliance supporters hold a positive view on citizens’ service, as do sixty-five per cent (75 %) of Green Party supporters, 61 per cent (62 %) of Coalition Party supporters, 60 per cent (62 %) of SDP supporters, 59 per cent (52 %) of Centre Party supporters, and 58 per cent (53 %) of Finns Party supporters. Twenty-three per cent (25 % in 2022) have a negative opinion, 23 per cent (24 %) of men and 22 per cent (25 %) of women. Twenty-five per cent (27 %) of over 50-year- olds, 24 per cent (21 %) of 35–49-year-olds, 19 per cent (19 %) of under 25-year-olds and 17 % (28 %) of 25–34-year-olds hold a negative opinion. Twenty-seven per cent (29 %) of Finns Party supporters answer in the negative, as do 26 per cent (16 %) of SDP supporters, 22 per cent (28 %) of Centre Party supporters, 21 per cent (27 %) of Left Alliance supporters, 19 per cent (27 %) of Coalition Party supporters, and 11 per cent (14 %) of Green Party supporters. Seventeen percent (17 % in 2022) have no opinion, 18 per cent (17 %) of women and 15 per cent (16 %) of men. (Figure 39) Assistance to Ukraine supported – majority want more sanctions against Russia This is the second time the ABDI asked about assisting Ukraine. Due to Russia’s war of aggression, the European Union and its Member States, including Finland, have assisted Ukraine financially and militarily and have imposed sanctions on Russia. 42 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Do you think that Finland and the European Union should continue to help Ukraine A) Financially B) With armed assistance C) By imposing sanctions At the current level, more than at present, less than at present Economic support The European Union and Finland should provide economic support to Ukraine at the current level; this view is shared by more than half, 58 % (52 % in 2022), 62 per cent (62 %) of women and 53 % (42 %) of men share this view. Less than one-third or 29 per cent would provide more economic support (38 % in 2022), 37 per cent (49 %) of men and 22 per cent (26 %) of women. Nine per cent (7 % in 2022) are in favour of less economic support to Ukraine. Armed assistance Armed assistance to Ukraine should be provided at the current level. This view is shared by half or 52 per cent (42 % in 2022), 59 per cent (53 %) of women and 45 per cent (30 %) of men. More than one third or 36 per cent (46 % in 2022), 45 per cent (60 %) of men and 26 per cent (31 %) of women are in favour of increasing armed assistance to Ukraine. Eight per cent (7 % in 2022) of both men and women (5 % and 8 % respectively) support reduced armed assistance to Ukraine. Sanctions More than half or 55 per cent (59 % in 2022), 57 per cent (66 %) of men and 53 per cent (52 %) of women would like to see more sanctions imposed by the European Union. Thirty-three percent (31 % in 2022) are in favour of keeping the sanctions at the current level, 36 per cent (38 %) of women and 31 per cent (24 %) of men. Six per cent (6 % in 2022) are in favour of reducing sanctions, eight per cent (8 %) of men and 5 per cent (4 %) of women. (Figures 40, 41 and 42). 43 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 40A. Assisting Ukraine 2022–2023 "Because of the war started by Russia, the European Union and its Member States, including Finland, have helped Ukraine both economically and militarily and by imposing sanctions on Russia. In your opinion, should Finland and the European Union continue to help Ukraine?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 0 25 50 75 100 Financially 29 38 58 52 4 4 9 7 Autumn 2023 Autumn 2022 Militarily 36 46 52 42 5 6 8 7 Autumn 2023 Autumn 2022 By imposing sanctions 55 59 33 31 5 5 6 6 Autumn 2023 Autumn 2022 More than at present At the current level Cannot say Less than at present % 44 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Development in Russia and Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine the main concerns In this question, there are 22 different phenomena and factors that will be assessed, based on how they cause concern in the future. A new factor in this survey is: Social confrontation. Results by factors of very or fairly high concern: y Development in Russia, 90 per cent (85 % in 2022) y Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine, 88 per cent (84 % in 2022) y The world’s refugee situation, 84 per cent (75 % in 2022) y Price increase, i.e. inflation, 82 per cent (82 % in 2022) y International crime, 82 per cent (66 % in 2022) y Security situation in the Baltic Sea area, 81 per cent (70 % in 2022) y Availability of energy, 80 per cent (85 % in 2022) y Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, 79 per cent (71 % in 2022) y Political extremism, 78 per cent (69 % in 2022) y International terrorism, 78 per cent (63 % in 2022) y Cyber threats against information networks, 78 per cent (69 %) in 2022) y Threat of war, 73 per cent (66 % in 2022) y Information influence activities targeting Finland, 71 per cent (58 % in 2022)* y Dismantling of arms control agreements, 70 per cent (60 % in 2022) y Climate change, 69 per cent (66 % in 2022) y Social confrontation, 69 per cent, new item 2023 y Situation in the Middle East, 69 per cent (47 % in 2022) y Contagious diseases, epidemics, 68 per cent (59 % in 2022). y Development in the United States, 64 per cent (53 %) y Social inequality in Finland, 63 per cent (65 % in 2022) y Racism, 61 per cent (58 % in 2022) y Situation in Afghanistan, 47 per cent (40 %) (Figures 43–48) *systematic disinformation targeting Finland in 2022, state sponsored fake news targeting Finland in 2018–2021 45 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Preparedness for an armed attack is good, critical infrastructure protection is seen as weaker This question has been asked since 2007. Most of the threat scenarios have been included since the beginning whereas hybrid threats were added in 2021 (combining different means), and this autumn a further item was added: Protection of critical infrastructure (e.g. data cables, gas pipelines). This year, too, it is considered that Finland is best prepared for repelling an armed attack while protecting critical infrastructure is the weakest point. Results according to how well prepared Finland is seen: y Armed attack, well prepared for 86 % (86 % in 2022), poorly prepared for 8 % (7 %) y Major accidents, well 80 % (82 % in 2022), poorly 11 % (9 %) y Various infectious diseases, epidemics, well 75 % (78 % in 2022), poorly 21 % (20 %) y Various environmental threats (floods, oil spills, transport of hazardous substances), well 72 % (74 % in 2022), poorly 15 % (15 %) y Availability of energy, well 70 % (53 % in 2022), poorly 25 % (43 %) y Climate change, well 59 % (62 % in 2022), poorly 31 % (31 %) y Terrorism, well 57 % (62 % in 2022), poorly 34 % (28 %) y Cyber attacks against information networks, well 57 % (61 % in 2022), poorly 31 % (29 %) y Foreign political pressure, well 55 % (53 % in 2022), poorly 32 % (34 %) y Hybrid threats (combining different means), well 54 % (55 % in 2022), poorly 33 % (27 %) y International crime, well 43 % (51 % in 2022), poorly 49 % (40 %) y Economic pressure from abroad, well 49 % (44 % in 2022), poorly 41 % (43 %) y Economic crisis, well 40 % (36 % in 2022), poorly 53 % (54 %) y Protection of critical infrastructure (e.g. data cables, gas pipelines), well 36 %, poorly 49 %, new item (Figures 49–53) 46 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Research branch of the ABDI Chair: Riku Keski-Rauska, PhD, Chief of Archives Vice-Chair: Timo Perälä, Senior Inspector Members: Juha Hänninen, Member of Parliament Joonas Immonen, journalist Saara Jantunen-Paju, Senior Specialist, Doctor of Military Sciences Johanna Kelhu, Political Specialist, MPolSc Tuomas Liukko, Director of Public Relations, Lieutenant Colonel Hannu Peurasaari, Special Adviser to Minister Ida-Susanna Pöllänen, Specialist Kari Salmi, Brigadier General Iiro Silvander, Committee Specialist Reija Taupila, Head of Production Markus Teir, Counsellor Marikaisa Tiilikainen, Ministerial Adviser Pekka Tuuri, Organisation Manager Branch-specific experts: Katri Pynnöniemi, Associate Professor, DSocSc Miina Kaarkoski, Postdoctoral Researcher Chairpersons Jarno Limnéll, Chair, Member of Parliament, Doctor of Military Sciences Marika Sorja, Vice Chair, Parliamentary Assistant Tuula Väätäinen, Vice-Chair, Member of Parliament The ABDI Secretariat and Office Heli Santala, Secretary General, MSocSc Markus Kinkku, General Secretary, MPolSc 47 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Enclosed graphs Figure 1.  Finland's membership in NATO. "What is your view of Finland's membership in NATO?" 51 56 45 32 36 52 61 46 50 55 41 42 56 53 53 44 79 58 45 63 12 36 37 32 42 50 45 36 30 40 39 34 41 46 34 35 38 39 20 34 46 28 55 53 3 3 3 7 5 3 2 2 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 3 5 6 6 6 6 10 8 8 3 9 6 4 10 5 6 7 4 7 0 4 6 5 22 4 3 2 4 2 5 1 3 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 6 0 3 1 1 7 0 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League Very positive Rather positive Cannot say Rather negative Very negative 48 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 2.  Other NATO countries must be prepared to defend Finland should Finland fall victim to armed aggression. "What do you think of the following statements?" 84 86 81 80 80 81 88 86 80 83 81 91 85 84 87 79 88 84 86 86 71 75 13 12 14 14 18 14 10 11 15 13 15 8 12 12 9 19 12 14 11 10 17 22 2 1 3 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 8 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League Fully agree Somewhat agree Cannot say Somewhat disagree Fully disagree 49 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 3.  Finland must be prepared to defend another NATO country should it fall victim to armed aggression. "What do you think of the following statements?" 65 70 60 64 55 70 67 67 64 65 58 68 69 69 62 62 76 65 66 72 54 70 26 22 31 25 30 23 27 25 28 26 27 27 25 23 30 30 24 31 26 19 28 23 2 1 4 4 5 2 1 2 2 3 5 2 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 4 5 2 3 3 3 6 7 2 2 3 5 3 5 3 2 3 4 4 0 2 5 1 9 3 3 3 2 1 4 4 2 3 1 3 5 0 3 3 2 3 0 2 1 4 4 0 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League Fully agree Somewhat agree Cannot say Somewhat disagree Fully disagree 50 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 4.  The impact of various factors on Finland’s security. "How do you assess the impact of the following factors on Finland's security?" 78 63 53 43 42 31 2 0 2 12 7 36 30 24 15 2 2 3 8 10 19 38 13 3 4 7 6 3 2 1 51 91 14 15 26 7 7 6 18 4 0 25 50 75 100 % Nato The EU USA The UN The United Kingdom OSCE China Russia Positive e�ect No e�ect Cannot say Negative e�ect Both positive and negative e�ects 51 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 5.  The impact of various factors on Finland’s security (I). "How do you assess the impact of the following factors on Finland's security?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 78 68 59 31 25 25 24 24 26 21 28 23 23 63 65 70 63 66 69 65 60 58 57 69 60 59 53 48 43 22 15 17 18 16 21 14 25 7 11 43 50 56 58 57 63 64 61 61 64 77 70 72 2 3 4 12 11 16 13 13 19 26 21 16 22 12 9 10 14 12 14 14 16 21 15 13 13 15 7 9 8 16 16 19 14 21 26 33 32 35 33 36 27 24 23 22 20 19 23 27 22 15 18 20 2 5 6 15 19 9 12 8 7 5 6 6 3 3 6 3 5 6 3 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 8 8 7 12 17 7 8 5 5 3 4 3 3 10 12 8 10 13 6 8 5 4 2 2 2 1 4 7 8 20 24 28 26 25 25 21 22 32 28 7 7 4 7 7 3 5 7 5 7 4 6 5 6 9 7 19 24 29 27 22 19 17 11 22 23 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 14 17 23 22 21 21 26 30 24 28 22 22 23 15 13 13 11 9 12 12 13 13 19 12 20 20 26 26 35 31 28 28 32 35 28 33 28 33 31 7 8 9 7 6 8 8 9 7 11 5 9 7 Nato Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 The EU Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 USA Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 The UN Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 0 25 50 75 100 % Positive e�ect No e�ect Cannot say Negative e�ect Both positive and negative e�ects 52 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 6.  The impact of various factors on Finland’s security (II). "How do you assess the impact of the following factors on Finland's security?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 42 31 35 45 45 39 41 47 44 38 46 55 50 46 2 2 3 4 3 6 12 13 8 7 10 6 9 0 1 2 8 7 12 13 14 6 9 16 4 11 30 24 23 22 19 17 24 21 26 33 25 24 24 29 15 23 17 18 24 39 35 44 55 54 54 51 50 2 3 2 10 9 13 11 13 15 20 19 18 19 19 38 36 26 29 37 28 22 18 17 11 10 10 10 13 17 16 17 22 12 15 10 10 6 8 7 5 3 4 4 10 13 6 7 5 5 4 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 51 40 41 41 32 25 16 11 10 11 11 14 14 91 87 85 51 47 39 39 37 50 28 27 40 34 7 6 5 6 6 6 6 10 11 11 16 10 13 14 18 18 23 20 19 18 21 22 17 22 18 22 23 4 6 7 22 24 29 30 31 24 40 33 35 34 0 25 50 75 100 % The United Kingdom Autumn 2023* OSCE Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 China Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Russia Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Positive e�ect No e�ect Cannot say Negative e�ect Both positive and negative e�ects 53 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 7.  The conduct of Finnish foreign policy. "In your opinion, how well or how poorly has Finnish foreign policy been conducted in recent years?" 15 14 15 10 6 11 21 14 12 17 13 13 16 14 17 14 20 7 20 28 6 12 64 63 65 68 56 66 65 58 71 64 62 64 65 67 63 58 71 55 67 60 69 68 4 3 6 11 9 3 1 6 4 3 5 5 3 4 6 4 1 3 3 2 5 5 14 17 12 10 23 17 10 15 12 15 15 11 15 14 10 20 7 29 8 9 15 13 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 6 2 2 5 7 2 2 4 5 1 5 2 1 5 1 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League Extremely well Fairly well Cannot say Fairly poorly Extremely poorly 54 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 8.  The conduct of Finnish foreign policy. "In your opinion, how well or how poorly has Finnish foreign policy been conducted in recent years?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 79 74 71 72 72 70 73 70 63 70 73 75 76 80 81 79 84 81 82 84 86 79 87 89 81 89 85 88 77 72 71 73 87 78 73 73 62 79 67 75 85 90 91 93 95 94 93 93 87 86 84 85 85 87 86 96 95 87 90 4 5 10 11 8 9 7 6 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 3 5 4 2 4 6 3 4 6 2 5 4 7 6 8 6 1 4 6 4 5 6 9 7 7 6 4 3 3 4 3 3 6 8 10 6 7 7 7 2 1 5 5 17 22 19 17 19 21 20 24 32 25 23 21 19 15 16 16 13 14 13 14 11 14 10 7 13 9 10 9 16 21 20 22 13 18 21 24 33 14 23 18 8 5 5 4 4 2 5 4 7 6 6 9 8 6 7 2 4 8 5 0 25 50 75 100 % Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Autumn 2003 Autumn 2002 Autumn 2001 Spring 2001 December 2000 July 2000 November 1999 June 1999 October 1998 In the year 1997 In the year 1996 November 1995 June 1995 In the year 1994 In the year 1993 In the year 1992 In the year 1991 November 1990 May 1990 In the year 1989 In the year 1988 In the year 1987 December 1986 January 1986 In the year 1984 In the year 1983 In the year 1982 In the year 1981 In the year 1980 In the year 1979 In the year 1978 In the year 1975 In the year 1974 In the year 1973 In the year 1972 In the year 1971 In the year 1970 In the year 1969 In the year 1964 Well Cannot say Poorly 55 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 9.  The military situation in Finland’s near environs. "What is your estimate of the military situation in Finland’s near environs during the next decade?" 7 9 5 16 7 7 5 10 5 6 9 2 7 9 6 4 7 3 8 8 6 9 28 33 23 35 32 28 24 28 27 28 29 27 25 25 29 34 25 32 26 24 33 39 5 3 7 8 8 4 3 6 5 4 8 4 3 6 4 4 3 1 5 3 5 6 60 56 64 41 53 61 68 56 63 61 55 67 65 60 61 59 65 65 62 64 56 46 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League Less threatening More or less the same Cannot say More threatening 56 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 10.  The military situation in Finland’s near environs. "What is your estimate of the military situation in Finland’s near environs during the next decade?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 7 11 6 5 4 4 6 5 6 7 9 10 8 28 30 24 47 47 51 48 48 46 70 68 70 67 5 5 6 6 9 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 60 55 64 42 40 42 41 44 46 21 22 17 24 0 25 50 75 100 % Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Spring 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Less threatening More or less the same Cannot say More threatening 57 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 11.  A more secure or more insecure future. "Considering the present world situation as a whole, do you believe that during the next five years Finland and Finns will live in a safer or in a less safe world compared to the present?" Safer No di�erence to the present Cannot say Less safe 14 17 10 21 11 13 13 19 14 10 15 7 14 14 14 14 18 12 16 12 7 9 22 24 20 31 25 25 17 19 19 25 25 19 20 22 22 22 22 19 19 25 34 32 5 4 5 6 7 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 2 7 1 8 3 60 55 65 42 57 58 67 59 62 59 55 68 64 59 59 61 58 67 58 62 51 55 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League 58 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 12.  A more secure or more insecure future. "Considering the present world situation as a whole, do you believe that during the next five years Finland and Finns will live in a safer or in a less safe world compared to the present?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 14 21 12 12 14 18 14 13 10 14 20 20 17 27 28 18 24 20 29 17 30 22 26 37 19 26 28 22 22 15 23 18 16 18 15 18 28 29 18 25 22 23 39 37 30 31 25 27 23 28 36 33 40 30 30 31 29 31 23 40 26 25 24 27 36 47 30 31 26 43 27 21 31 22 28 22 16 22 25 30 5 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 5 5 7 7 5 6 5 4 5 7 60 53 46 47 53 49 60 59 65 56 43 46 42 41 40 49 46 47 46 42 42 51 46 33 42 25 39 43 48 39 44 57 46 53 52 54 51 45 52 38 0 25 50 75 100 % Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Autumn 2003 Autumn 2002 Spring 2001 In the year 2000 In the year 1999 In the year 1998 In the year 1997 In the year 1996 November 1995 June 1995 October 1994 May 1994 November 1993 April 1993 November 1992 April 1992 October 1991 May 1991 October 1990 May 1990 Safer No di�erence to the present Cannot say Less safe 59 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 13.  Cooperation between the European Union and NATO. "What is your view on the cooperation between the European Union and NATO to increase European security?" 0 25 50 75 100 % Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* 42 46 20 45 41 49 5 5 13 5 6 15 3 2 3 42 44 39 34 42 39 46 33 39 50 40 38 44 45 45 33 59 32 43 53 23 47 45 45 46 49 38 49 45 52 48 38 40 46 45 44 42 53 33 56 47 43 50 48 5 3 8 9 8 5 4 6 6 4 8 7 4 5 6 4 6 3 7 0 6 3 5 6 3 6 7 5 3 6 5 4 10 4 4 5 5 5 1 6 3 2 15 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 3 3 2 3 2 5 3 2 2 5 0 2 0 1 5 0 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel Very positive Quite positive Cannot say Quite negative Very negative Very positive Quite positive Cannot say Quite negative Very negative 60 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 14.  Confidence in the future of the European Union. "What kind of confidence do you have in the future of the European Union? In the last two years, has your confidence been strengthened, weakened or has it remained the same?" 11 17 8 7 3 4 3 2 8 54 48 48 45 65 58 58 45 53 2 3 2 5 2 3 1 2 1 33 33 41 42 30 34 37 52 39 0 25 50 75 100 % Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2005 Strengthened Remained the same Cannot say Weakened *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 11 12 10 10 16 11 10 11 11 12 14 10 11 13 10 8 18 6 15 8 11 16 54 49 60 70 41 49 57 53 56 54 56 54 52 53 53 58 52 29 66 60 63 69 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 4 0 1 1 2 2 0 3 1 0 1 0 33 39 27 18 40 39 32 34 32 33 27 36 36 33 34 32 29 63 18 32 25 14 0 25 50 75 100 % Whole population Men Women Under 25 years 25-34 years 35-49 years 50-79 years Lower education Post-secondary University Under 25 000 € 25 000 - 35 000 € Over 35 000 € South Finland West Finland East/North Finland Coalition Party The Finns Social Democratic P. Centre Party Left Alliance Green League Strengthened Remained the same Cannot say Weakened 61 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 15.  Factors affecting security. "How do you assess the following phenomena and factors? How do they affect the security of Finland and Finns?" 91 87 81 79 72 57 56 10 5 4 12 12 21 29 29 20 3 4 5 6 3 9 9 15 1 6 2 2 4 5 6 55 0 25 50 75 100 % Finland's membership in NATO Diplomacy and Conflict prevention Finland’s membership in the EU Increases security Has no e�ect Cannot say Lessens security Finland's participation in Nordic defence cooperation Finland participates in the common defence of the EU The participation of Finnish troops in crisis-management tasks Finland’s economic cooperation increases internationally Increased ownership of non-EU and non-EEA countries in the Finnish economy 62 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 16.  Factors affecting security (I). "How do you assess the following phenomena and factors? How do they affect the security of Finland and Finns?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel **) 2004-2021 Finland’s possible membership in Nato 91 89 80 78 80 81 83 79 74 75 74 66 87 80 34 27 27 25 29 32 35 37 32 24 28 35 34 34 37 31 36 37 5 7 13 13 14 12 13 16 19 20 21 27 4 5 16 12 17 19 17 21 18 20 31 31 29 32 27 23 23 30 27 24 3 3 5 7 4 5 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 7 21 24 16 16 12 12 11 10 6 8 10 7 8 10 5 8 6 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 4 2 2 4 6 8 30 36 41 40 42 36 36 33 30 37 33 27 32 33 35 31 31 34 0 25 50 75 100 % Finland's participation in Nordic defence cooperation Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Finland's membership in NATO** Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Increases security Has no e�ect Cannot say Lessens security 63 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 17.  Factors affecting security (II). "How do you assess the following phenomena and factors? How do they affect the security of Finland and Finns?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel 81 79 77 63 62 69 72 70 62 56 61 53 49 52 69 61 64 69 55 59 54 12 12 14 20 18 20 17 20 24 26 25 31 32 31 22 23 23 22 28 21 30 5 6 5 11 13 6 6 5 7 6 4 5 5 5 4 6 6 3 4 4 3 2 2 4 6 7 5 4 6 8 12 10 11 14 12 4 10 7 6 13 16 13 0 25 50 75 100 % Diplomacy and Con�ict prevention Autumn 2023* Finland participates in the common defence of the EU Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Increases security Has no e�ect Cannot say Lessens security 64 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 18.  Factors affecting security (III). "How do you assess the following phenomena and factors? How do they affect the security of Finland and Finns?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel ***) 2004-2012 The participation of Finnish troops in crisis-management tasks in war zones 72 72 61 64 65 62 62 54 50 54 47 45 53 71 58 63 60 49 56 52 57 61 46 53 50 50 51 46 40 41 35 16 17 22 21 23 25 26 24 20 21 18 24 23 24 25 25 33 35 37 42 41 34 22 34 29 33 35 33 36 29 26 35 31 36 34 36 40 41 44 49 53 46 40 42 46 45 48 39 46 3 4 4 5 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 9 7 11 10 6 7 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 6 5 7 4 3 5 2 4 6 11 8 8 9 11 11 11 7 9 12 10 5 5 6 6 13 9 11 5 6 8 6 8 10 9 10 14 11 13 27 31 32 33 24 26 24 32 32 0 25 50 75 100 % Finland’s membership in the EU Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 The participation of Finnish troops in crisis-management tasks Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Increases security Has no e�ect Cannot say Lessens security 65 The Advisory Board for Defence Information ABDI 2024:3 Figure 19.  Factors affecting security (IV). "How do you assess the following phenomena and factors? How do they affect the security of Finland and Finns?" *) The survey method was combination of face-to-face interviews and internet panel ****) 2006-2022 Increase of foreign ownership in Finland's economy 56 53 55 53 51 59 52 48 45 45 39 36 39 52 40 49 48 43 38 37 10 8 6 5 7 8 8 7 7 7 5 8 9 5 8 14 11 29 28 30 30 36 29 37 39 40 40 46 48 40 37 45 37 41 42 44 47 20 18 23 19 28 22 37 45 42 34 38 36 37 35 33 38 41 9 12 9 11 6 6 5 5 5 6 5 6 5 5 6 7 4 4 6 4 15 10 11 17 8 8 6 7 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 3 5 6 8 7 6 7 6 6 7 9 9 10 10 16 6 9 7 7 11 12 13 55 65 60 59 57 62 49 41 46 54 53 51 49 56 53 45 43 0 25 50 75 100 % Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Autumn 2005 Autumn 2004 Autumn 2023* Autumn 2022* Autumn 2021* Autumn 2020* Autumn 2019 Autumn 2018 Autumn 2017 Autumn 2016 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2012 Autumn 2011 Autumn 2010 Autumn 2009 Autumn 2008 Autumn 2007 Autumn 2006 Finland’s economic cooperation increases internationally Increased ownership of non-