Government Resolution on a strategy and action plan to combat organised crime (2025–2030) Publicati ons of the Ministry of Justi ce Finland 2025:10Memorandums and statements Government Resolution on a strategy and action plan to combat organised crime (2025–2030) Mika Junninen Ministry of Justice Helsinki 2025 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Ministry of Justice CC BY-SA 4.0 ISBN pdf: 978-952-400-525-8 ISSN pdf: 2490-1172 Layout: Government Administration Department, Publications Helsinki 2025 Finland Julkaisujen jakelu Distribution av publikationer Valtioneuvoston julkaisuarkisto Valto Publikations- arkivet Valto julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/ Description sheet 6 March 2025 Government Resolution on a strategy and action plan to combat organised crime (2025–2030) Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Subject Memorandums and statements Publisher Ministry of Justice, Finland Author(s) Mika Junninen Language English Pages 52 Abstract The Programme of Prime Minister Orpo’s Government states that Finland’s strategy against organised crime will be updated. On 17 October 2023, the Ministry of Justice appointed a working group to prepare the strategy and the associated action plan. The strategy and action plan were adopted as a Government Resolution on 27 February 2025. The strategy and action plan to combat organised crime (2025–2030) define the strategic goals for organised crime prevention and contain measures to promote their achievement. The strategic goals advanced by means of the measures are: y cooperation among the key actors is effective and established, y the proceeds of crime to offenders have decreased, criminal activities have become more difficult to pursue and the risks entailed have grown greater, y organised crime infiltration into the basic structures of society has been prevented, y people who are particularly vulnerable to crime are better protected. The action plan promoting the goals of the strategy consists of 21 measures. The implementation of the action plan is monitored by a steering group which initiates additional measures when necessary. The measures under the action plan focus in particular on enhancing the activities of the authorities, utilising analysed data and expanding cooperation in prevention. The measures also strive for more effective enforcement of criminal liability and confiscation of proceeds of crime. Keywords organised crime, proceeds of crime, inter-administrative cooperation, information exchange, administrative approach, confiscation, crime prevention ISBN PDF 978-952-400-525-8 ISSN PDF 2490-1172 Project number OM080:00/2023 URN address https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-400-525-8 https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-400-525-8 Kuvailulehti 6.3.2025 Valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden torjunnan strategiasta ja toimenpideohjelmasta vuosille 2025–2030 Oikeusministeriön julkaisuja, Mietintöjä ja lausuntoja 2025:10 Teema Mietintöjä ja lausuntoja Julkaisija Oikeusministeriö Tekijä/t Mika Junninen Kieli englanti Sivumäärä 52 Tiivistelmä Pääministeri Orpon hallituksen ohjelman mukaan Suomen järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden vastainen strategia päivitetään. Oikeusministeriö asetti 17.10.2023 työryhmän valmistelemaan strategiaa ja siihen liittyvää toimenpideohjelmaa. Strategia ja toimenpideohjelma hyväksyttiin valtioneuvoston periaatepäätöksenä 27.2.2025. Järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden torjuntastrategia ja toimenpideohjelma 2025-2030 määrittää torjunnan strategiset päämäärät ja sisältää niiden toteutumista edistäviä toimenpiteitä. Strategiset päämäärät, joita edistetään toimenpitein: y yhteistyö keskeisten toimijoiden välillä on tehokasta ja vakiintunutta, y rikosten tekijöiden saama hyöty on vähentynyt, rikollinen toiminta vaikeutunut ja sen riskit kasvaneet, y järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden soluttautuminen yhteiskunnan perusrakenteisiin on estetty, y rikokselle erityisen alttiissa asemassa olevien henkilöiden suoja on parantunut. Strategian päämääriä edistävä toimenpideohjelma sisältää 21 toimenpidettä. Toimenpideohjelman toimeenpanoa seuraa ohjausryhmä, joka ryhtyy tarvittaessa valmistelemaan lisätoimenpiteitä. Toimenpideohjelman toimenpiteet keskittyvät erityisesti viranomaistoiminnan kehittämiseen, analysoidun tiedon hyödyntämiseen ja torjuntayhteistyön laajentamiseen. Lisäksi toimenpiteillä pyritään tehostamaan rikosvastuun toteutumista ja rikoshyödyn menettämistä. Asiasanat järjestäytynyt rikollisuus, rikoshyöty, poikkihallinnollinen yhteistyö, tiedonvaihto, hallinnollinen torjunta, konfiskaatio, rikoksentorjunta, rikostorjunta ISBN PDF 978-952-400-525-8 ISSN PDF 2490-1172 Hankenumero OM080:00/2023 Julkaisun osoite https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-400-525-8 https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-400-525-8 Presentationsblad 6.3.2025 Statsrådets principbeslut om strategin och åtgärdsprogrammet för bekämpning av organiserad brottslighet 2025–2030 Justitieministeriets publikationer, Betänkanden och utlåtanden 2025:10 Tema Betänkanden och utlåtanden Utgivare Justitieministeriet Författare Mika Junninen Språk engelska Sidantal 52 Referat Enligt regeringsprogrammet för statsminister Orpos regering ska Finlands strategi mot organiserad brottslighet uppdateras. Justitieministeriet tillsatte den 17 oktober 2023 en arbetsgrupp för att bereda strategin och det tillhörande åtgärdsprogrammet. Strategin och åtgärdsprogrammet godkändes som statsrådets principbeslut den 27 februari 2025. Strategin och åtgärdsprogrammet för bekämpning av organiserad brottslighet 2025– 2030 fastställer de strategiska syftena med bekämpningen och innehåller åtgärder som främjar genomförandet av dem. Strategiska syften som främjas genom åtgärderna: y samarbetet mellan centrala aktörer är effektivt och etablerat y den nytta gärningsmännen får har minskat, den brottsliga verksamheten har försvårats och riskerna med den har ökat, y den organiserade brottsligheten har hindrats från att infiltrera samhällets grundstrukturer y skyddet av personer som är särskilt utsatta för brott har förbättrats. Åtgärdsprogrammet som främjar strategins syften innehåller 21 åtgärder. Genomförandet av åtgärdsprogrammet följs upp av en styrgrupp som vid behov börjar bereda ytterligare åtgärder. Åtgärderna i åtgärdsprogrammet fokuserar särskilt på att utveckla myndighetsverksamheten, utnyttja analyserad information och utvidga samarbetet för att bekämpa organiserad brottslighet. Dessutom syftar åtgärderna till att effektivisera förverkligandet av straffansvaret och förverkandet av vinning av brott. Nyckelord organiserad brottslighet, vinning av brott, sektorsövergripande samarbete, informationsutbyte, administrativ bekämpning, konfiskering, brottsförebyggande, brottsbekämpning ISBN PDF 978-952-400-525-8 ISSN PDF 2490-1172 Projektnummer OM080:00/2023 URN-adress https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-400-525-8 https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-400-525-8 Contents 1 Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 International framework for combating organised crime.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1 International obligations in respect of combating organised crime.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Organised crime as a concept.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 Organised crime in Finland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 Criminal offences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Proceeds of crime.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3 Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.4 Group modi operandi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.5 Routes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.6 Organised crime in the Finland of the future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4 Prevention of organised crime in Finland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.1 Criminal law approach and administrative approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2 Authorities responsible for prevention and other actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 Strategic mission and fundamental principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6 Strategic goals and objectives.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.1 Cooperation among the key actors is effective and established.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.2 The proceeds of crime to offenders have decreased, criminal activities have become more difficult to pursue and the risks entailed have grown greater. . . . . . . . . 28 6.3 Organised crime infiltration into the basic structures of society has been prevented.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.4 People who are particularly vulnerable to crime are better protected.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7 Action plan to combat organised crime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8 Strategy implementation and monitoring.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Appendix 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Appendix 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 1 Introduction The Programme of Prime Minister Orpo’s Government states that Finland’s strategy against organised crime will be updated. The strategy and action plan will be prepared to cover the years 2025–2030. The updated strategy and action plan will be the subject of a Government Resolution. On 17 October 2023, the Ministry of Justice appointed a working group to prepare the strategy and the associated action plan (project no. OM080:00/2023). In its deliberations, the working group made broad use of information held by the authorities and pursued close cooperation with the numerous ongoing Government Programme projects1 on related topics. The United Nations’ Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit for Developing High-impact Strategies2 was adopted as the basis for the strategy work. Finland’s strategy model is indicatively based on this toolkit. The important notion in the toolkit of the strategy’s scope and limitations is taken into account in the work.3 The concept of ‘organised crime’ has numerous definitions which are addressed in more detail in section 2.2. For the purposes of this strategy, organised crime is taken to refer to a broad and adaptive phenomenon which, while it cannot be precisely defined, can be assigned certain characteristics that are relevant to countering it. Strategic measures must be allocated not only to activities consistent with the definitions and characteristics but also to activities and trends that threaten to evolve into organised crime or create conditions amenable to organised crime in Finland. 1 Projects listed in Appendix 1 2 Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit for Developing High-impact Strategies (UNODC 2021). 3 “For this reason, a good strategy is not necessarily one that does everything but, rather, one that strives to achieve realistic outcomes (the “R” element in the SMART formula) in any given context and that is able to mobilize and maximize the use of available resources (even when they are relatively limited).” (UNODC, p.14.) 8 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Finland’s strategy to combat organised crime has the following goals: 1. cooperation among the key actors engaged in the fight against organised crime is effective and established; 2. the proceeds of crime to offenders have decreased, criminal activities have become more difficult to pursue and the risks entailed have grown greater; 3. organised crime infiltration into the basic structures of society has been prevented; and 4. people who are particularly vulnerable to crime are better protected. Addressing organised crime requires examination and development of the authorities’ operating processes, development of the legislation governing the activities, and the creation of an effective shared strategy to which all parties are committed. The objectives through which the strategic goals are to be achieved are reviewed in more detail in chapter 6. Finland’s strategy and measures in many respects align with measures considered and implemented in Denmark and Sweden4. Similarities can be found not only in the substance of individual measures but also in the duration and diversity of measures to counter organised crime. Underlying the aligned approach is the pursuit of effectiveness, which is best accomplished through action to combat crime that is sustained and consists of multiple specific measures designed to address a wide range of criminal offences. With regard to individual measures, there are similarities between Finland and Denmark in the following, for example: fight against economic and financial crime (administrative approach, confiscation, information-sharing, combating corruption, halting corporate fraud), prevention of violence and threats against witnesses, using nationwide coordination and systematic activities to support gang exit, etc. Finland is also assessing the utility of ‘zone prohibitions’ (bans from particular areas) as well as other restrictions on assembly as a means to combat organised crime. The individual measures of Finland and Sweden are similar in many respects including: coordinated multiprofessional and cross-administrative cooperation among the authorities; development of a proactive situation awareness function; improving 4 The measures of Denmark and Sweden assessed to be the most effective are presented in Appendix 2. 9 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 information-sharing; influencing attitudes; increasing the efficiency of confiscation of crime proceeds; and combating the risk of corruption of officials, etc. Finland has already earlier increased prison security in respect of persons imprisoned for organised crime and banned two criminal groups by court order (a third ban action is pending before a district court), and a reform of the legislation on weapons offences is currently under preparation, etc. Many other measures considered and/or implemented in countries including Sweden and Denmark were also considered in preparing Finland’s action plan. In these respects as well, the outcomes of the work done may be utilised in the implementation of the strategy and action plan, as applicable. The establishment of a steering group to monitor the implementation of the action plan allows new measures to be approved and the approved measures to be adjusted in keeping with developments in knowledge and the impact of measures. Further development of the measures should include monitoring not only the measures now put forward but also changes in the operating environment beyond the term the strategy, to respond quickly, when necessary, as research data accumulates on topics including the impact of AI on crime, the liability of tech conglomerates in criminal activities on social media platforms, youth gangs as a breeding ground for organised crime and links between social policy benefit fraud and organised crime, as well as other topics of debate. 10 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 2 International framework for combating organised crime 2.1 International obligations in respect of combating organised crime As a member state of the United Nations and the European Union, Finland is committed to combating organised crime globally and nationally. Finland takes part in the performance of its duties under treaties and obligations as a member of numerous working groups of the UN and the EU. The Palermo Convention of the United Nations is the international convention with the greatest global reach on combating organised crime. It contains provisions on topics such as taking part in the activities of an organised criminal group and criminalising money laundering and bribery. The Convention also lays down provisions on anti-money laundering measures, extradition of persons to another state for crimes, mutual legal assistance in criminal matters, cooperation among the police and combating organised crime. The Convention is supplemented by three Protocols: 1) the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; 2) the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and 3) the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition. In the European Union, crime prevention falls under the Treaty of Lisbon that entered into force in 2009. The Treaty governs matters such as judicial cooperation in criminal matters and police cooperation. Judicial cooperation in the EU in the field of criminal law is based on the principle of mutual recognition of judgments and of decisions in extrajudicial cases, and it also involves approximation of the Member States’ legislation in the following areas of crime: terrorism, trafficking in human beings and sexual exploitation of women and children, illicit drug trafficking, illicit arms trafficking, money laundering, corruption, counterfeiting of means of payment, computer crime and organised crime. 11 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 The European Commission’s Strategy to tackle Organised Crime 2021–2025 draws on the European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA5) produced by Europol. The strategy has four priorities in countering organised crime: 1. The priority of boosting law enforcement and judicial cooperation covers topics such as smooth exchange of and timely access to information and advanced cooperation networks. 2. The priority of effective investigations emphasises disrupting organised crime structures and tackling high priority crimes. 3. The priority of eliminating profits generated by organised crime and preventing infiltration into the legal economy and society covers elements such as reinforcing asset recovery and anti-money laundering measures and promoting financial investigations, stepping up anti- corruption measures and addressing infiltration in the economy and society. 4. The priority of making law enforcement and the judiciary fit for the digital age emphasises law enforcement’s access to digital leads and evidence, their effective tools and technologies and improving their access to skills, knowledge and operational expertise in the process of criminal investigations. The ten priorities set by the Council of the European Union for 2022–2025 through the European multi-disciplinary platform against criminal threats (EMPACT) are based on the recommendations of Europol’s SOCTA. The first two are more general in nature, applying to the entire field of crime: 1) high risk criminal networks using corruption, acts of violence, firearms, document forgery and money laundering, and 2) freezing and confiscating criminal money. The other priorities concern individual types of crime, such as cyberattacks, trafficking in human beings, child sexual exploitation, migrant smuggling, drugs trafficking, fraud, economic and financial crime, organised property crime, environmental crime and firearms trafficking. 5 According to the 2021 EU Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA)12 produced by Europol, nearly 40% of criminal networks active in the EU are involved in the drugs trade. Around 60 % of criminal networks employ violence as part of their criminal businesses. Corruption and the abuse of legal business structures are key features of serious and organised crime in Europe. Two thirds of criminals regularly use corruption. More than 80% of criminal networks make use of lawful business structures. The assessment to be released in 2025 is currently under preparation. 12 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 2.2 Organised crime as a concept The Palermo Convention in its Article 2 defines organised criminal group as follows: a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences established in accordance with this Convention, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit. Structured group means a group that is not randomly formed for the immediate commission of an offence and that does not need to have formally defined roles for its members, continuity of its membership or a developed structure. Serious crime means conduct constituting an offence punishable by a maximum deprivation of liberty of at least four years or a more serious penalty. In Finland, the Criminal Code, in its chapter 6, section 5, subsection 2, defines organised criminal group as a structured group of at least three persons, established over a period of time and acting in concert to commit offences for which the maximum punishment provided is imprisonment for at least four years or offences referred to in chapter 11, section 10 (agitation against a population group) or chapter 15, section 9 (threatening a person to be heard in the administration of justice). Both practical efforts to combat organised crime and academic research into it have discovered that organised crime takes even more forms than covered by its many6 definitions. Organised crime is not an area of crime per se; instead, organised crime involves the commission of other crimes, such as drugs offences, economic and financial crime or crimes against life and health, in a particularly systematic manner, making use of a specific group structure or collaborative arrangement. Organised crime is characterised by the following: 1. Obtaining considerable financial gain through unlawful means; 2. Multifaceted and quickly adapting identification and exploitation of the weaknesses of society and individuals (criminal opportunities); 3. Systematic and flexible cooperation within a single criminal organisation and/or networked collaborative structures; 6 On his website, Professor Klaus von Lampe lists and analyses more than 200 definitions of organised crime used in various contexts: http://www.organized-crime.de/ organizedcrimedefinitions.htm http://www.organized-crime.de/organizedcrimedefinitions.htm http://www.organized-crime.de/organizedcrimedefinitions.htm 13 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 4. Seeking to act within the legal structures of society for purposes such as gaining influence, covering up criminal activities or laundering money. For the purposes of this strategy, organised crime is taken to refer to a broad and adaptive phenomenon that cannot be given a clearly delineated or comprehensive definition. Strategic measures must be allocated not only to activities consistent with the definitions and characteristics described above but also to activities and trends that threaten to evolve into organised crime or create conditions amenable to organised crime in Finland. 14 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 3 Organised crime in Finland 3.1 Criminal offences The Finnish organised crime market largely consists of drugs trade to which firearms offences and violence are also linked. Another major crime area is cybercrime, dark market platforms and various kinds of scamming and phishing messages and websites. Global crime accounts for a significant portion of cybercrime, Finnish victims being among a much wider population of people scammed and defrauded. Other areas of organised crime are trafficking in human beings, people-smuggling and labour exploitation, prostitution, evasion of international sanctions, different kinds of fraud, economic, financial and property crime, and corruption and bribery. Besides these, Finland has detected an increasing number of counterfeit products, crime in the food chain and serious environmental offences. Organised crime is typically linked to all of these. The shift to digital trade and communication has accelerated networking in organised crime. The majority of criminal activity takes place online and on social media at least in some respects. Criminal business models are as varied as legitimate ones and they are in rapid flux. 3.2 Proceeds of crime Organised crime actors seek to grow their influence in society by means of violence, corruption and other forms of undue influence. However, the overriding aim of organised crime is to obtain either direct or indirect financial gain from crimes and then seek to convert this gain into lawful assets through a range of arrangements both genuine and artificial. Enterprises are an important tool for criminals both in the commission of crimes and in the successful control of unlawfully obtained assets. Exploiting legal structures boosts criminal activity, strengthens the influence of criminals in society and increases the risk of corruption. Europol estimates that more than 80 % of the criminal networks active in the EU use legal business structures for their criminal activities and that about half of all criminal groups and networks set up their own legal business structures or infiltrate businesses at a high level7. A study in Finland 7 Europol 2021. 15 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 suggests that Finnish organised crime is firmly established in Finnish business and industry. Enterprises linked to organised crime often fail to meet their obligations, in addition to which they can also be used to launder proceeds of crime8. A variety of means may be employed to cover up the beneficiary and origin of crime proceeds and to hinder investigation. These include tools to boost anonymity, such as strong encryption in communications, cryptocurrencies and concealing the location of online services. Nowadays, crime proceeds are to an increasing extent being systematically ferried beyond the reach of the authorities, for example by using funds obtained from crime in ways that make them difficult to reach through enforcement. 3.3 Groups Organised crime active in Finland is made up of networks linked with locally and internationally active criminal groups. Around 90–100 such groups primarily based in Finland have been identified and around 1,000 persons are involved in these groups. Criminal group members and persons associated with such groups have ties to roughly 2,700 enterprises in Finland.9. The number of identified criminal groups and networks they form has increased greatly over the past two decades while at the same time, criminal organisations led from abroad have considerably grown their influence in Finland. Motorcycle clubs wearing special insignia (‘1-percenters’) are established actors in crime in Finland. There are just under 80 chapters of such groups with a total membership of around 600, active all over Finland. Most of them are international organisations, some of which have been active for decades. The clubs longest established in Finland are Bandidos MC Finland and Hells Angels MC Finland. The most recent arrival is the international Outlaws MC Finland. While the court orders abolishing Cannonball MC and United Brotherhood considerably reduced the presence of these clubs’ insignia, the clubs are suspected to have continued to pursue criminal activities. 8 Järjestäytynyt rikollisuus suomalaisessa yrityskentässä [Organised crime and Finnish enterprises]. Report 14/2024. (Date of release 10 December 2024). Grey Economy Information Unit. 9 Grey Economy Information Unit, 2024. 16 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 There are several criminal organisations led from abroad in the Helsinki region in particular. The major actors are based in the West Balkans, Romania, the Baltics, Russia, Northern Africa, Iraq and Sweden. Crime proceeds obtained by these are nearly wholly ‘repatriated’ abroad10. The links of Swedish criminal organisations with Finnish street gangs and the impact of criminals of Albanian origin on the drugs trade and violent crime in Finland may be considered features of particular concern. To date, there have been few indications of any mafia or clan-type groups of networks where membership is usually based on kinship. Nonetheless, the activities of criminal networks from the Balkans exhibit elements of clan-based crime. A new area of organised crime is the exploitation of organised crime by state actors in their hybrid operations This involves internationally structured activities partly motivated by geopolitics. It is a part of modern-day warfare. The operations take place in international networks that are fluid conglomerations of multiple actors. Besides established international criminal groups and networks, there are also professional criminal service providers present in organised crime in Finland. Such providers typically include accountants, lawyers and consultants, for example. Criminal service providers’ activities usually involve injecting illegal assets into the legal economy or disguising activities by making use of various kinds of complex modi operandi and structures. These arrangements may also employ subcontractors, each of which attends to a given component without being aware of the whole. The activities are networked. Benefits and advice are shared among multiple actors. The provision of criminal services is referred to as crime-as-a-service (CaaS)11. Another element in criminal circles is individuals of wealth and influence who, while not affiliated with any specific criminal group, provide funding to and make use of criminal groups and other criminal actors as partners in multiform crime, thus enabling organised crime to operate and facilitating its growth. Finland has about a dozen groups classified as street gangs and their areas of influence centre on the Helsinki region and southwestern Finland. Authorities have been able to link around 300 individuals to the activities of street gangs, roughly half of whom may be linked in the capacity of gang member. A particular characteristic of street gangs is that the individuals associated with them are mainly young men of immigrant background, born in Finland or abroad. There are many networks and interactions relating to criminal activity between these groups involving both collaboration and also, to some extent, crimes between the groups. The authorities in Sweden have noticed that some of the children within the sphere 10 Police University College, 16 11 Police University College, 18 17 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 of gang influence who are under the age of criminal liability (15, proposed by rapporteur to be reduced to 1412) have drifted into increasingly serious crime such as contract killings for organised crime. In Finland, the Government Resolution on an action plan to prevent and combat the rise in youth and street gang-related crime adopted in spring 2024 aims to stem the rising tide of youth and gang-related crime. The action plan includes measures intended to prevent youth and gang-related crime effectively , break the cycle of crime, investigate crimes, increase punishments and enforce criminal liability. The plan also has measures to facilitate the exchange of information between authorities and to address identified gaps in youth services as well as to develop the system of sanctions, research activities and regional work. Prison inmates associated with the activities of the criminal groups and networks and street gangs described above seek to make use of their incarceration by advancing their groups’ interests as well as their own. From prison, they either take part in or run new criminal initiatives both in prison and outside it. The aim of criminal gangs to continue their criminal activities while in prison jeopardises the work safety of prison officials, the safety of other inmates and of society, as well as the capacities of non-affiliated inmates for rehabilitation during their stay in prison. Prison inmates associated with organised crime recruit new actors during their incarceration and also seek to network with groups they consider to be useful to them. On the other hand, tensions between criminal gangs may pose considerable risks to prison safety. The number of inmates in Finnish prisons who are associated with foreign organised crime has increased and even during their incarceration, they seek to continue their criminal activities and network with Finnish organised crime actors. 3.4 Group modi operandi In Finland as well as elsewhere, the collaboration and relationships between groups depend largely on the type of group concerned. Hierarchically structured criminal groups and gangs are more likely associated with rivalries, disputes over turf and even open and outright hostilities arising from characteristics such as group structure and history and the ethnic background of group members. However, these criminal groups, too, may seek out partnerships and make use of the same criminal service providers as all other criminal actors. In Finland, organised crime in recent years has also evolved more towards fluid criminal networks and the 12 SOU 2025:11 18 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 national and international criminal groups wearing special insignia that for decades have held sway in the underworld are displaying more networked qualities in their operations. Typical features of organised crime extending into Finland from abroad include seeking partnerships, maximising crime proceeds and minimising the risks of criminal activities without any particular ideological characteristics. In clan-based crime, the kinship of the networks’ core actors and their shared regions of birth, for example the Balkans, are relevant to loyalty and managing the risk of detection in particular rather than constituting factors that give rise to turf disputes, for example. In geographical terms, networks of different types of criminal groups and their collaboration is underscored in the Helsinki region, whereas elsewhere in Finland, at least until quite recently, the key actors have been a part of ‘traditional Finnish organised crime,’ with or without special insignia. The intense growth in cybercrime committed by organised criminal groups and underworld power players may also have a significant impact on the ways criminal groups collaborate. Cybercrime groups may, for example, make use of the same money laundering or logistics service providers as groups responsible for more traditional crimes. The online drugs trade has basically already extended the scope of criminal actors beyond traditional criminal groups. Consequently, the possibility of violent turf disputes arising at least locally between actors engaging in online drugs trading and groups involved in the traditional drugs trade cannot be ruled out. While drugs trading online on the Finnish dark web reaches all parts of the country and increases the availability and offering of drugs throughout the country, the greatest impacts of the increased offering are seen in small towns and peripheral regions. The greater availability of drugs also creates more demand, as drugs use becomes more commonplace and diverse nationwide. 3.5 Routes International criminal organisations are constantly seeking to expand their sales organisations to Finland and foreign nationals have assumed a greater role in areas such as the drugs trade. Although Finland is geographically remote, international criminal organisations make use of our territory as well as the opportunities afforded by our legislation and customs procedures. Because of the wide range of transport connections available here, Finland is also used a transit country in the smuggling of prohibited substances and even people. Ports, ships and onward transports make up a logistics chain susceptible to criminal activities. Extending the requirement for security clearances among port workers will prevent the use 19 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 of critical port data to promote organised crime13. District Courts in Finland have handed down a number of convictions concerning the large-scale smuggling of cash abroad via airports that has been detected in Sweden. Even though, to date, the phenomenon has not appeared to be as widespread as in Sweden, the situation must be monitored in Finland, too. Drugs are smuggled into Finland mainly in internal EU traffic as postal and courier deliveries as well as in commercial and passenger traffic. Maritime and air transport from the Baltic States and western Europe are a particular route for smuggling drugs into Finland. Drugs are also brought into the country through Sweden, either across the northern land border or by ship to Turku, Helsinki and Vaasa. Shipments of cocaine smuggled in shipping containers through major seaports have also entered Finland. In recent years, more than 80% of the drugs smuggled into Finland are estimated to have entered the country via ports. 3.6 Organised crime in the Finland of the future According to the most recent Global Organized Crime Index14, among all the countries in Europe and the world, Finland is among those least exposed to organised crime. The Index suggests that globally speaking, Finland has few organised crime actors and little crime. Finland ranks highest in the world in resilience indicators, i.e. indicators protecting society from crime. According to the indicators, structures safeguarding social stability in Finland include political leadership and governance, government transparency and accountability, international cooperation, national policies and laws, the judicial system, anti- money laundering, and victim and witness support. Even though Finland for now is in a fairly good place compared to many other countries, the purpose of this strategy is to prepare for the threat posed by organised crime in the future and to prevent any deterioration from the current status quo. The war in Ukraine has had and will continue to have a significant impact on the activities and development of organised crime in the territories of Finland and the EU. The war may give rise to the formation of new criminal groups in Finland, 13 Government proposal HE 205/2024 for an Act to protect the critical infrastructure and improve the resilience of society and for certain other Acts 14 https://ocindex.net/2023/country/finland https://ocindex.net/2023/country/finland 20 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 the re-activation of other groups, and changes in the operating areas of criminals. Migration may also bring along with it organised crime to Finland. The threats arising from war concern trafficking in human beings, people-smuggling and the arrangement of illegal immigration as well as the criminal exploitation of refugees, especially women and unaccompanied minors. Illegal trade in military materiel and such items ending up in the hands of criminals is another possible consequence of war. Various kinds of fraud involving the raising of emergency aid and other fundraising have also been detected in Finland, particularly online fraud. War also increases the risk of money laundering in respect of persons subject to sanctions. The business opportunities brought about by rebuilding in Ukraine are likely also to attract the interest of organised crime. The prevailing view is that corruption accounts for a significant share of organised crime internationally15. There is no reliable data on the scope of the problem in Finland, however. according to studies and reports, structural corruption occurs in Finland, for example at the municipal and regional level16. Finland is seeking to address corruption issues through a new national anti-corruption action plan. In addition, Finland has received numerous recommendations in the international assessment for improving the effectiveness of the fight against money laundering17. The most likely scenario on the development of organised crime in 2025–2030 formulated in the futures workshops of the strategy working group is as follows: Organised crime in Finland will increase, intensify and grow more international and the activities of the authorities will become more effective. In future, organised crime will become increasingly hard to identify, networked in nature, multinational and professionalised. International phenomena are also likely to find their way to Finland quicker than before. National and international organised crime groups and street gangs will continue to recruit young people and introduce them to gun violence. The ‘distance’ between organised crime active in Finland and international actors will grow shorter and the knowhow and contacts of the international field will be better available than before. This will likely allow international phenomena to also find their way to Finland more quickly than before. An element of internationalisation can be seen in the attempts of organised crime groups to infiltrate especially points of entry into the country, critical infrastructure and logistics chains. 15 SOCTA, 2021 16 KORSI-hanke 2020 17 FATF, 2019 21 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Tighter competition and the rise in the number of actors particularly prone to using violence are anticipated to make violence linked to organised crime more commonplace and the organised crime arms race more aggressive. Changes in and expansion of the field of criminal actors may evidence as attempts by criminals to infiltrate exercise of public authority or lower bars to harassment, threats of violence or othercounter-measures against law enforcement authorities, judicial authorities, other authorities and business and industry. The Government Programme states that the Government will, for example, make the necessary legislative amendments to enable the exchange of information between different authorities concerning persons involved in serious and organised crime and other persons who may have an impact on prison safety and security. The Programme also contains a number of entries concerning prison legislation to allow organised crime to be countered also inside prisons. Under the Programme, the Government also intends to enable the placement of remand prisoners in high-security wards. In future, international cybercrime may account for an increasing share of all organised crime in Finland. Organised crime is responsible for most if not all cyberfraud, which is a highly international type of crime that has become an important source of income for organised criminal groups. Cybercrime to an increasing extent also targets the critical functions of society. Across the world, there have been numerous cases of ransomware targeting the information systems of hospitals and healthcare service providers. Better optimising the activities of the authorities in countering organised crime is a key aim of future-oriented strategy work. In future, action against organised crime will be guided by a jointly prepared strategy. The optimisation of the activities of the authorities requires knowledge-based cooperation, enhancement of preventive effectiveness and responses to new/future challenges by making use of increasing national competencies and international know-how. 22 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 4 Prevention of organised crime in Finland 4.1 Criminal law approach and administrative approach Organised crime prevention in Finland relies on both the criminal law approach and the administrative approach. The criminal law approach comprises the prevention, detection, investigation and submission to prosecution of crimes, consideration of charges and court proceedings, and the imposition and enforcement of criminal law sanctions. This has traditionally been the focus of organised crime prevention in Finland. The administrative approach hampers the operational capacity of organised criminal groups and it must be viewed as one of the tools to fight crime. In future, it will be necessary to shift emphasis towards more holistic prevention of organised crime and to focus more on the administrative approach (identification of organised crime in licensing processes and procurement, for example). The administrative approach could also be called administrative deterrence of organised crime. The concept is broad and cannot be given an exhaustive definition. Generally speaking, its goal is the early identification and breakage of harmful trends as well as hampering and/or preventing activities in support of organised crime at an early a stage as possible, before such activities develop into individual serious crimes. The core notion of the administrative approach is to intensify organised crime prevention by engaging other authorities besides the traditional law enforcement authorities in prevention (for example authorities in charge of environmental affairs and waste management). Prevention is a whole-of-society matter, within the limits of the law. The overriding aim is to prevent the exploitation of legal social structures, such as business and public finances, for criminal activities. Prevention should have a comprehensive presence in various kinds of administrative processes, such as registrations, licensing processes, public procurement (incl. construction projects) and the grant of public aid and subsidies. 23 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 The administrative approach is implemented on three levels, within the limits of the law. At the core of the approach is the administrative oversight, inspections and decisions of the key authorities. The focus in these shall be chosen on the basis of analysed data and risks. The various authorities’ consideration and supervision of licences and permits is an important element. The second level consists of targeted cooperation within the public sector and between the public and private sectors. The key crime prevention authorities and administrative authorities responsible for organised crime prevention disclose analysed data, within the limits of the law, to actors such as wellbeing services counties, municipalities and financial sector operators to allow them to focus their activities and assess the risks associated with them. Decisions concerning public procurement, public aid and financial services in particular may be critical to the capacity of organised crime to operate. The third level in the administrative approach is general preventive work in society, the aims of which include addressing the root causes of organised crime, strengthening the resilience of society and promoting exit from crime. 4.2 Authorities responsible for prevention and other actors At the level of the Government, the key ministries with an impact on organised crime prevention are the Ministry of Justice, Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Finance, which are responsible for guidance in the administrative sectors of major importance to prevention and for the preparation of legislation. Other key ministries are the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (social policy and substance abuse policy), the Ministry of Education and Culture (education policy) and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (regulation of business and industry). At the operational level, the actors responsible for prevention may be divided into three groups. The authorities in the first group implement both the criminal law approach and the administrative approach. They include the law enforcement authorities responsible for the prevention, detection, investigation and submission to prosecution of crimes (police, Customs, Border Guard) and the judicial administration authorities responsible for considering criminal matters and implementing criminal sanctions, such as prosecutors, courts of law, National Enforcement Authority Finland and the Criminal Sanctions Agency. 24 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Within police administration, the National Bureau of Investigation plays a key role alongside police departments in the fight against organised crime. One of the statutory duties of the National Bureau of Investigation is to combat international, organised, career, economic and financial crime as well as other serious crime. In the police administration, the fight against organised crime is pursued in cooperation with the various units of the police. Police departments, Customs and the Border Guard each combat organised crime independently within their respective remits and in collaboration with the National Bureau of Investigation. The Finnish Security and Intelligence Service may also pursue civilian intelligence gathering against organised crime when such crime poses a threat to the democratic social order. The second group is made up of administrative, licensing and supervisory authorities whose statutory duties have a direct and significant impact on the capacity of organised crime to operate and/or the authorities’ prevention capacities. These authorities may also report to the criminal investigative authorities any criminal activities they detect within their respective remits. One such example is the Tax Administration, which in its risk management and supervisory duties detects many kinds of malfeasance in addition to tax-related negligence18. Other administrative and licensing authorities include the regional state administrative agencies, Land Survey Finland, the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency, the Finnish Patent and Registration Office and the Social Insurance Institution of Finland Kela. The third group covers a large number of public and private sector operators capable of at least indirectly identifying organised crime actors and activities, impacting on organised crime’s capacity to operate and/or providing assistance to other authorities in prevention efforts. This requires the various authorities and other operators to be able to exchange non-disclosable information between each other to an adequate extent. The prevention of money laundering, for example, is an important part of the fight against organised crime. Hence, key actors include all obliged entities. 18 The Tax Administration may deny organised crime actors access to registers that enable business activities, such as the register of parties liable to VAT, and also remove fraudulent actors from the registers and subject them to various kinds of supervisory measures as well as tax seizures when necessary. The Tax Administration has access to a range of domestic and international benchmarking data on cash flows, income, assets and chains of ownership, and analysis of this data allows it to produce useful information for the crime prevention authorities. Through its activities, the Tax Administration may uncover crimes such as benefit fraud, money laundering and corruption. 25 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 5 Strategic mission and fundamental principles The fight against organised crime in Finland is based on ensuring the safety and security of society under all circumstances, broad-based cooperation within society (whole-of-society approach), knowledge-based operating models and respect for fundamental and human rights and the rule of law (mission). Finland’s strategic aims, objectives and measures to combat organised crime build on the following fundamental principles identified by the19 UN: y Promote partnerships and cooperation at all levels, including across international borders – a whole-of-society approach. y Pursue organized criminal groups and their illicit gains thereby increasing their operational costs and risks. This principle is aimed at degrading and disrupting the organized crime economy. y Prevent organized crime from (re)infiltrating communities, the economy and political institutions. This principle seeks to build resilience to organized crime, denying it the ability to penetrate society y Protect vulnerable persons and victims from (further) harm. 19 The four overarching strategic principles in the UN organised crime strategy toolkit are: promote, pursue, prevent and protect. The principles are briefly described below for a better understanding (UN 2021, p. 11). 26 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 6 Strategic goals and objectives The strategic goals and objectives illustrate the vision for the next six years. Goal refers to a desirable outcome within the said timeframe. Objectives are shorter- term steps taken in order to achieve the goal. The goals and objectives have been grouped according to the fundamental principles described above. The strategic goals are mutually supportive and also overlapping to some extent. 6.1 Cooperation among the key actors is effective and established The goal is to improve cooperation among the key actors at all levels and also in the international arena. Actors engaged in the fight against organised crime are deemed to comprise a wide range of actors in both the public and private sectors along with the media and the research community. The goal is to increase understanding and thus to influence the fight against organised crime and to increase the effectiveness of the authorities as well as to bring the actors on board in the efforts to counter organised crime. Info box. Goal 1: Cooperation among the key actors is effective and established Objectives: • Knowledge guides prevention • Cooperation delivers effectiveness • Participation generates responsibility End of info box. 27 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Knowledge guides prevention Situational awareness and understanding of organised crime that is regularly produced, extensive, precise and analysis-based guides prevention measures, education and communications. As the operating environment changes, prevention measures are adapted through decision-making based on situational awareness and understanding and up-to-date information can be utilised in public information campaigns on topics such as crime trends, changes in crime and threats of crime. Situational understanding based on up-to-date information draws on multiple sources and it is also distributed for the use of various authorities. Information may be enriched and analysed either as part of the authorities’ own information production or in collaboration between the authorities, research institutes and universities. It is important to bring educational institutions on board in the education, instruction and research efforts against organised crime. Cooperation delivers effectiveness The aim of supporting cooperation among authorities is to generate added value in the performance of their respective core duties. The cooperation may be fixed or networked in nature and the conditions for it shall be created by developing legislation. The cooperation shall be based on the strategic objectives and it should be safeguarded by ensuring that the participating authorities have sufficient financial and other resources for it. With the growing internationalism of organised crime, it will also be necessary to develop international cooperation and information-sharing. Participation generates responsibility Awareness of organised crime and the fight against it should be enhanced among all actors in society: individuals, wellbeing services counties and municipalities, central government actors, civil society organisations and business and industry. The phenomenon must also be recognised in international cooperation. Increasing awareness engages the actors in the fight and the prevention of organised crime widely reaches the different actors. At the same time, feedback and phenomenal data from multiple actors in society can be obtained for the purpose of furthering organised crime prevention. 28 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 6.2 The proceeds of crime to offenders have decreased, criminal activities have become more difficult to pursue and the risks entailed have grown greater The purpose of this goal is for the actual or presumed risks of criminal activities to clearly exceed any potential rewards from them. Addressing crime proceeds seeks to disrupt the business model of organised crime by adding to the risks and costs entailed and by removing rewards that may be gained from the activities. Organised crime also anticipates the most common risks to which its illegal business is exposed20. The goal is to identify criminal actors, combat crime on a wide front and prevent illegal enrichment. Info box. Goal 2: Decreased proceeds of crime gained by offenders, operations more difficult and risks higher Objectives: • Identify persons, groups and operating models associated with crime and undermine their capacity to operate • Prevent crime horizontally • Prevent illegal enrichment End of info box. 20 The seizure of shipments of drugs or similar illegally traded items, for example, usually delivers little societal effectiveness, as the loss of the property concerned may have been taken into account in advance as ‘the cost of doing business’ and the loss may be transferrable to a subordinate in the criminal organisation. 29 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Identify persons, groups and operating models associated with crime and undermine their capacity to operate Persons, groups and criminal modi operandi associated with organised crime must be identified and their capacity to operate must be undermined in order to combat organised crime. Detailed information on the different types of organised crime organisations’ business models is required in order to identify the weak spots of such models. Measures aiming to decrease crime proceeds constitute targeted intervention in the business of criminal groups. Prevent crime horizontally Horizontal prevention means that the authorities undertake all measures allowed by law to prevent, detect and investigate crime and to enforce criminal liability, and are supported in these measures by all levels and actors in society, including business and industry, CSOs and individuals. Stronger means of prevention require steps such as developing legislation to create new kinds of fundamental structures and processes and to enhance information-sharing among authorities. Prevent illegal enrichment Means to prevent illegal enrichment include restricting criminals’ markets, confiscating crime proceeds, anti-money laundering measures and preventing the misuse of business subsidies and grants, in general stopping illegal acts from being concealed amongst legal ones. The prevention of illegal enrichment impacts on the attractiveness of criminal activities and reduces the opportunities to finance such activities. 6.3 Organised crime infiltration into the basic structures of society has been prevented Strengthening the resilience of society against organised crime can help prevent organised crime from becoming established within the basic structures of society. The objectives are to address the root causes of crime, minimise the influence wielded by criminal actors and support exit from crime. Measures under this goal can, for example, hamper the recruitment potential of organised crime, remove the pull-factors and support structures of organised crime, and prevent the infiltration of organised crime into the structures of legal business and political decision-making. 30 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Info box. Goal 3: Organised crime infiltration into the basic structures of society has been prevented Objectives: • Address the root causes of crime • Minimise the influence wielded by criminals • Support exit from crime and criminal groups End of info box. Address the root causes of crime Underlying factors to crime include uneven distribution of socioeconomic factors, opportunity to commit criminal acts, greed and lack of concern. The general acceptance of criminality in the group or community of the person concerned also affects whether a person embarks on a path of crime. Means to reduce crime include providing educational and employment opportunities, preventing social exclusion and reducing socioeconomic segregation between areas, stopping the evolution of a path of crime from street gangs to organised crime and providing social incentives and alternatives to crime. Comprehensive social prevention measures shall be employed to prevent the recruitment of young people, in particular, into organised crime. In these efforts, account shall also be taken of the Government Integration Programme 2024–2027 stating that Finland is determined to prevent the creation of parallel societies. The goal in preventing parallel societies from arising is to halt the trends leading to their formation as well as the emergence or expansion of negative phenomena associated with them. Factors identified as presenting a risk of parallel societies include increases in the wellbeing gap in society, lack of prospects and the socioeconomic or ethnic segregation of residential areas. Minimise the influence of criminals Criminals may use the funds obtained from crime and the threat of violence to boost their influence in society. Money and threats may be used to influence the decision-making and actions of authorities, enterprises and politicians. Influence and pressure may be employed with an eye to distorting competition, achieving monopoly standing, causing corruption, perverting social justice or gaining criminal clout. 31 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Support exit from crime and criminal groups Support shall be provided to persons in a downward spiral of crime to help them exit crime instead of sliding deeper into the world of career criminality and organised crime. Means to promote exit from crime include education, healthcare and social welfare services such as substance abuse treatment, training, and employment opportunities. Actors providing services and assistance include the municipalities and wellbeing services counties, CSOs, the private sector and central government (e.g. Criminal Sanctions Agency), with which broader strategic cooperation will be sought. 6.4 People who are particularly vulnerable to crime are better protected This objective concerns in particular the identification of individuals who may become the targets of undue influence or victims of crime. Victims of crime may suffer physical, psychological and financial consequences. While the immediate victims of crime are at the core of the protection objective21, others also requiring protection include witnesses, whistleblowers, public officials and enterprises whose work may involve working among criminals. The aim is to prevent victimisation, protect and safeguard victims of crime and provide them with the essential assistance and support for healing that they require. Info box. Goal 4: People who are particularly vulnerable to crime are better protected Objectives: • Prevent people from becoming targets of undue influence or victims of crime • Protect victims from further harm • Safeguard the rights of victims End of info box. 21 As laid out in its Programme, the Government will draw up an action plan for victim policy aimed at securing the funding of support services for crime victims and improving the position of victims in criminal proceedings. The effects of organised crime will also be taken into account in the preparation of the plan. 32 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Prevent people from becoming targets of undue influence or victims of crime Proactive measures shall be undertaken in order to prevent people from becoming victims of organised crime or targets of its undue influence. Such measures include the provision of education and training. In assessing the measures, account shall be taken of the various manifestations of crime, the support and assistance required by potential victims, and the training needs of authorities. Protect victims from further harm Persons who have become victims of organised crime or targets of its undue influence shall be protected from further harm, whether physical, psychological, financial or social. Safeguard the rights of victims The standing of victims must be improved. The legal rights of victims to assistance shall be safeguarded and their access to advisory services, protection and support shall be improved. 33 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 7 Action plan to combat organised crime The action plan below is designed to advance the achievement of the strategic goals and objectives determined in the foregoing. 1. Increasing the efficiency of the administrative approach to organised crime prevention and the associated exchange of information through legislative means A legislative project to implement the following entries in the Government Programme in particular, “The Government will enact a special act to combat organised crime. This will enable more efficient exchange of information and an administrative approach.” and “Legislation on an administrative approach to combating crime will be developed to meet the requirements of the full and effective implementation of official activities.” One of the topics to be explored in the context of the project is the possibility of laying down provisions on an obligation of the criminal investigation authorities to provide information on their own initiative. Project to increase the effectiveness of the administrative approach and the exchange of information that promotes and supports all the goals and objectives of the strategy. Possible links with other projects will be assessed and taken into account while the project is in progress. Main responsible authority: Ministry of the Interior Other responsible parties: Ministry of Justice; other parties to be specified during further preparation Important stakeholders: To be specified during further preparation Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be specified during further preparation 2. Formation of shared situational picture and situational awareness and utilisation of analysed data among the various actors The awareness of the authorities and of business and industry about organised crime actors and organised crime in Finland will be improved and analyses of the impacts of crime and the potential for preventive measures at the levels of the authorities, business and industry, CSOs and regional administration will be developed and utilised. Practical 34 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 measures to ensure this include increased information exchange, educational cooperation and cooperation in locating specific prevention targets. The measures may be implemented either within the framework of a special act or independently. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: National Police Board, National Bureau of Investigation, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Finance, Customs, Tax Administration, Criminal Sanctions Agency, Prime Minister’s Office, Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Important stakeholders: Border Guard, regional state administrative agencies, Council for Crime Prevention Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, research funding of ministries and agencies to be sought as necessary. 3. Step up cooperation with educational and research institutions Cooperation with educational and research institutions will be stepped up. The volume of research data on organised crime will be increased and its quality enhanced. Practical actions include establishing a research and data needs bank on existing studies, reports and theses, maintaining a list of topics of future research needs and opportunities for funding such research, and stepping up lectures, education and conference work. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: Ministry of the Environment, Customs, Tax Administration, National Bureau of Investigation, National Police Board Important stakeholders: universities, educational institutions, researchers and teachers, Council for Crime Prevention Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, research funding of ministries and agencies to be sought as necessary. 4. Expansion and reinforcement of cooperation in combating organised crime A coordinated structure of cooperation in organised crime prevention will be established to support the non-legislative measures under the strategy to combat organised crime. Ministries, agencies, the private sector, CSOs and regional administration will be invited to join in the cooperation. The participating parties will be members of the working group and working subgroups will be set up as required/according to type of crime. The cooperation will be modelled on the MoU approach 35 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 of Customs. The measures may be implemented either within the framework of a special act or independently. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: Customs, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, Ministry of Finance, Tax Administration, Criminal Sanctions Agency Important stakeholders: ministries, agencies, centres for economic development, transport and the environment, Confederation of Finnish Industries EK, Chambers of Commerce, Association of Finnish Cities and Municipalities Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties. 5. Recognising the responsibility of the various actors in society in combating organised crime The population will be informed as frequently, broadly and visibly as possible of the impacts of their own actions on the capacity of organised crime to operate. The viewpoint of the authorities as to the harms of crime will be introduced into public debate to counteract the idealisation in public of the criminal lifestyle (true crime stories/ social media). A communications campaign, aimed at children and young persons, on the harms and risks of organised crime will be implemented, for example as part of the school police initiative. The website nuoretjarikollisuus.fi will be utilised. Public service announcements and educational materials will be produced and contributions will be made to the public debate on organised crime by means including the dissemination of information on this strategy and its objectives and impacts. Main responsible authority: National Police Board Other responsible parties: Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Education and Culture, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the Interior, Tax Administration, National Bureau of Investigation, Finnish National Agency for Education Important stakeholders: ministries, agencies, Confederation of Finnish Industries EK, Council for Crime Prevention Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, within the limits of available resources. 36 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 6. Improving the correctness and reliability of data in the official/ basic registers The correctness and reliability of the data held in basic registers will be improved through developments in ways of working and legislation, as will the currentness of such data in the future. Basic register refers to a database, the knowledge base of which is regularly utilised in the operational information systems and duties of the authorities, usually via a technical interface. Initially, the following registers will be examined: the population data register (Ministry of Finance), the trade register (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment) and the register of associations and foundations (Ministry of Justice). Wider improvements in the data content of the registers and its monitoring require the provision of education to certain public bodies, awareness- boosting, more effective risk management, and tools and legislative amendments. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice (register of associations and foundations), Ministry of Finance (population data register), Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (trade register) Other responsible parties: Ministry of the Interior, Finnish Patent and Registration Office, Tax Administration, Digital and Population Data Services Agency Important stakeholders: Finnish Immigration Service Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties, building on and cooperating with the measures to improve registers under the action plan for tackling the grey economy and economic crime. 7. Enforcement of criminal liability, levels of punishments and enforcement of sentences The legislative projects based on the Government Programme (gun crime reform; acting in a criminal group to be made, by law, an aggravating circumstance; the use of a person under the age of criminal liability as an instrument in the commission of crime to be made subject to specific punishment; committing a criminal offence against life, health or freedom in a particularly humiliating way to be made, by law, an aggravating circumstance; examination of the needs to amend the legislation on imprisonment) will be secured, with consideration given to the recognition of organised and gang-related crime in sentencing levels and the application of the criminal justice system. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice 37 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Other responsible parties: Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 8. Confiscation of crime proceeds and criminal assets Confiscating crime proceeds and criminal assets is an important means of combating organised crime. The further development of confiscation requires, among other things, legislative changes to allow ordering the forfeiture of unexplained wealth linked to criminal conduct. According to the Government Programme, the confiscation of proceeds of crime will be facilitated by, for example, easing the standard of evidence and by introducing a procedure for the confiscation of proceeds outside criminal proceedings. The Government will take legislative measures to prevent money laundering and intensify the recovery of proceeds of crime, especially in relation to money laundering. A key objective of the new ‘Confiscation Directive’ (EU) 2024/1260 is to fight organised crime through more effective recovery and confiscation of criminal assets. The Directive lays down provisions on measures which the Member States shall implement in order to trace and identify, freeze, confiscate and manage the instrumentalities and proceeds of crime or property that stem from criminal activities. A central new obligation at the EU level is the confiscation of unexplained wealth linked to criminal conduct. Implementation of the Government Programme entries concerning confiscation of crime proceeds and the Confiscation Directive will provide broader opportunities to confiscate proceeds of crime and other criminal assets. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: Important stakeholders: Timeframe: Concrete legislative proposals will be prepared by a separate working group appointed for a term running from 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025. Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 38 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 9. Improving port security Port security will be strengthened and the uninterrupted operation of ports will be ensured by preventing the influence and operations of organised crime actors in ports. This will be accomplished by laying down provisions on the duty of port authorities to subject certain groups of port employees to standard security clearance vetting under the Security Clearance Act, by intensifying the MoU cooperation of Customs with the private sector, by safeguarding the opportunities of Customs to obtain reliable and timely advance data on goods for the purpose of effective risk management and target selection, and by intensifying the cooperation and information-sharing linked to port security in the areas of customs control and customs crime prevention at the EU level and with third countries. Main responsible authority: Customs Other responsible parties: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Justice, National Police Board Important stakeholders: Border Guard Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 10. Application of corporate criminal liability Corporate criminal liability has been only rarely applied and reinforcing its application would be justified by paying attention to this particular form of liability in the investigation of crimes and in internal training and also by drawing on the occupational safety and health authorities’ experiences and their lessons learned with regard to corporate criminal liability. Closure of enterprises associated with organised crime. Main responsible authority: National Police Board Other responsible parties: National Bureau of Investigation Important stakeholders: National Prosecution Authority Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 11. Combating the threat of corruption in the public sector Public sector governance and authorities’ awareness of corruption prevention and the risks of corruption will be strengthened through means including training so as to prevent organised crime from corrupting public officials or infiltrating the public sector. Examination of the effectiveness of the Security Clearance Act in relation to organised crime. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice 39 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Other responsible parties: Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of the Environment Important stakeholders: other ministries Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, within the limits of available resources. 12. Addressing organised crime by supporting exit from crime and criminal groups The capacity of organised crime to operate and organised criminal groups will be undermined by drawing on the best practices of other countries, especially Denmark and Sweden, and applying the lessons learned there. Exit activities will be developed and broadened. Exiting criminality and criminal groups will be supported prior to sentencing and during service of the sentence imposed. New actors will be identified. Main responsible authority: National Police Board Other responsible parties: National Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Sanctions Agency, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Council for Crime Prevention Important stakeholders: regional government, municipalities and CSOs Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, within the limits of available resources. 13. Studying the undue influence targeting of public officials and stepping up prevention Undue influence means targeting public officials or their family members or friends for harassment, threats, violence and criminal damage and attempting to corrupt them due to an official decision that has already been made or is forthcoming. The study will examine means currently employed in attempts to unduly influence public officials. Any needs for change emerging from the examination will be assessed. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: National Police Board, Ministry of the Interior, National Bureau of Investigation Important stakeholders: authorities Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties, funding will be sought from the Nordic Council of Ministers. 40 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 14. Procedures for organisations in the event of threats or extortion It will be ensured that every agency/authority prepares, together with the authorities responsible for security, the work safety instructions, action plan and cooperation plans required under employer responsibility and that they also provide their staff with adequate training on how to act in the event of threats/extortion or internal threats detected within the agency/authority. The Prime Minister’s Office is the responsible authority in respect of the ministries and each ministry is the responsible authority in respect of the agencies in its administrative branch. Main responsible authority: Prime Minister’s Office (ministries) and ministries (agencies) Other responsible parties: agencies Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2028 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 15. Studying the potential for enhancing cybercrime prevention and victim protection measures The study will examine whether regulation and practices are consistent with the current and future evolving threats and operating environment of organised crime. With regard to cyberfraud, the study will examine the potential of banks to intervene in clearly questionable money transfers. Cooperation with private actors will be enhanced. Linking anti-fraud measures to anti-money laundering measures and mechanisms. The possibility of requiring the administrators of online platforms to adopt more stringent risk management or imposing on them a duty of care will be examined. This action will take into account and draw on the work of other Government programmes. Main responsible authority: National Police Board Other responsible parties: National Bureau of Investigation, Finnish Transport and Communications Agency, Tax Administration Important stakeholders: Council for Crime Prevention, telecom community Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 41 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 16. Study to determine ways to ensure the capacity and resources of authorities to safeguard real-time investigation A study will be carried out to determine the ways in which to ensure the capacity and resources of the authorities required to safeguard real- time investigations. The quicker crimes and criminals can be addressed, the more likely it is that criminal liability will be enforced and the harm caused will decrease. Main responsible authority: Ministry of the Interior Other responsible parties: National Police Board, Ministry of Justice, Finnish Customs, Ministry of Finance Important stakeholders: Border Guard Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 17. Halting corporate fraud – enterprises as victims The verification procedure associated with trade register notifications will be evaluated from the viewpoint of preventing takeovers of enterprises and identity theft. The Finnish Patent and Registration Office has adopted procedures to allow registered enterprises and individuals themselves to reduce the risk of abuses. An assessment will be conducted together with the Finnish Patent and Registration Office to examine if it would be feasible and justified to introduce other voluntary procedures in the trade register in order to prevent abuses or whether procedures currently in use could be further developed. The costs arising from the options will also be determined. The need for an information kit on how to protect oneself against abuses will also be assessed. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment Other responsible parties: Finnish Patent and Registration Office Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 18. Study on the support needs of victims of organised crime A study will be conducted to examine the types of support required by victims of organised crime and ways to improve the types of support needed and make them more effective. The diversity of victim/offender status will also be taken into account. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 42 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, EU funding to be sought. 19. Study on the interfaces between organised crime and human trafficking crime International assessments consider trafficking in human beings to be a source of income for organised crime. Research data and a national situational picture of the interfaces between organised crime and human trafficking crime are required. Main responsible authority: Ministry of Justice Other responsible parties: Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: As part of official duties, EU funding to be sought. 20. Promoting organised crime prevention in the European Union and other international cooperation Finland will proactively influence the development of EU legislation to combat organised crime and the drafting of action plans and strategies as well as the EU internal security strategy. Finland will actively take part in the evaluation of and further work on recommendations issued by the High-Level Group (HLG) on access to data for effective law enforcement by underscoring the importance of such access in combating and investigating organised crime. Finland will be a proactive participant in the development efforts of Europol and Eurojust. Account will be taken in national decision-making of the EU strategies and action plans concerning organised crime and the work of the EU agencies supporting organised crime prevention will be drawn upon. Appropriate measures to ensure the safety and non-criminality of social media for users will be promoted. Close cooperation to combat organised crime will be pursued with the Nordic countries, joint advocacy will be pursued within the EU and information on possible national solutions will be exchanged. International cooperation in fighting organised crime will be actively promoted, particularly in the context of the European Union and the United Nations. Main responsible authorities: Ministry of Justice, Ministry of the Interior Other responsible parties: Ministry of Finance, National Police Board, National Bureau of Investigation, Customs, Criminal Sanctions Agency Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2030 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 43 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 21. Assessing the utility of zone prohibitions in organised crime prevention The utility of the zone prohibitions used in Denmark as well as other restrictions on assembly as a means to combat organised crime will be assessed. The study currently being conducted by the Ministry of the Interior together with the Ministry of Justice on the basis of the programme against youth and gang-related crime will be taken into account in the assessment. Main responsible authority: Ministry of the Interior Other responsible parties: Ministry of Justice Important stakeholders: Timeframe: 2025–2027 Impacts on resources: To be carried out as part of official duties 44 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 8 Strategy implementation and monitoring The policies under this strategy guide Finland’s national and international efforts to combat organised crime. Each ministry and authority is responsible for the preparation and implementation of the measures that fall within its remit. A steering group appointed by the Ministry of Justice will be responsible for steering and monitoring the implementation of the action plan. The Ministry of Justice will provide the chair and secretariat for the steering group. The steering group will monitor the implementation and impact of the measures and will, when22 necessary, initiate the preparation of additional measures. The steering group will also provide the ministerial working group on internal security and administration of justice with progress reports on the measures. Strategy and impact monitoring and the re-targeting of measures will be carried out on the basis of the best23 available information. In setting indicators, the focus will be on locating ones that are efficient, inexpensive and descriptive of impact24. Data on each organisation’s achievement of the target indicators25 22 In order to increase its impact, the strategy must be dynamic, responsive to challenges and reactive, allowing new measures to be created and targeted and other measures to be abandoned as crime evolves and new challenges emerge. 23 The difficulty and cost of setting quantitative indicators and their actual measuring capacity make such indicators an excessively costly and difficult aim. Developing and improving indicators is one of the sub-items in the action plan. Impact may also be measured selectively, for example for the key measures, and developed further in the form of projects under the action plan. The strategy in Denmark, for example, contains a long list of topics for study, which serves to keep the strategy work alive and generates not only new knowledge but also information on developments/changes in problems, i.e. keeps the strategy process alive. When preparing the strategy, the working group also heard of the challenges and investment in preparing quantitative indicators in New Zealand. 24 The impact of prevention measures may be verified and analysed also by using qualitative indicators, such as the quantity and quality of work done. 25 Where determining quantitative indicators proves too costly or there are more questions than answers concerning verification of their measurements, qualitative indicators or other alternative ways of assessing impact will be used. 45 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 will be produced and analysed by the organisation that undertook the measures concerned. Progress on the measures will be presented to and monitored by the ministerial working group on internal security and the administration of justice at six-month intervals. Implementing the strategy and monitoring its impact call for labour input and resourcing on the part of organisations. The expertise of the Council for Crime Prevention will be drawn on in respect of crime prevention measures. The joint effect of the prevention measures on the number of crime participants, crimes and markets as well as on social impact is presumed to exceed the investment required, i.e. the savings and return from the implementation of the strategy will exceed the outlay for it in central government finances. The implementation of the strategy will be carried out as part of official duties and therefore no additional resourcing is required. Any intention of seeking external funding for studies, for example, is stated above for each specific action. 46 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 Appendix 1 Other projects integrally linked to organised crime prevention During the drafting of the strategy to combat organised crime, the following projects in particular were identified as being integrally linked to organised crime prevention. In the interests of eliminating duplicate work and ensuring the efficient use of resources, no new actions having significant overlaps with the projects below will be undertaken on the basis of the action plan to combat organised crime. The projects mentioned below are ones where with regard to organised crime prevention, it would be important to harmonise and coordinate preparation or implementation with the implementation of the strategy to combat organised crime. The list is non-exhaustive. − Action plan to prevent and tackle youth and gang-related crime (2024– 2027) (Government Resolution OM/2024/74) − Amendment of legislation on gun crimes (OM077:00/2022) − Amendment of provisions concerning first-time offender status (OM076:00/2023) − Legislative project on legislation concerning the gathering of criminal intelligence by the police (SM047:00/2023) − Legislative project on amending the legislation concerning biometric data recorded in police registers (SM048:00/2023) − Legislative project on amending the legislation concerning exchange of information by the police (SM046:00/2023) − National implementation of the Information Exchange Directive (EU) 2023/977 (SM029:00/2023) − Government Report on Internal Security (SM023:00/2024) − Legislative project to amend the PNR Act (675/2019) (SM017:00/2024) − Legislative project to broaden the bank and payment account monitoring system to cover account transactions (SM006:00/2024) − Reform of legislation concerning issuance of permanent residence permits (SM007:00/2024) − Project to examine needs to modify the powers of the Border Guard on the internal borders of the Schengen Area (SM052:00/2023) 47 Publications of the Ministry of Justice, Memorandums and statements 2025:10 − Legislative project to amend the Firearms Act (SM021:00/2024) − Legislative project concerning the Prüm II Regulation (SM018:00/2024) − Legislative project on overhaul of anti-money laundering legislation (VM053:00/2024) − Amendments of legislation concerning confiscation (OM062:00/2023) − Amendment of legislation concerning labour exploitation (work extortion) (OM093:00/2023) − Implementation of the e-Evidence Regulation and Directive (OM099:00/2023) − Revising legislation on sentencing (street gangs, incitement of child, humiliation) (OM095:00/2023) − Implementation of the Environmental Crime Directive (OM034:00/2024) − Implementation of the Sanctions Directive (OM034:00/2024) − Proposal for a Directive on trafficking in human beings (OM007:00/2024) − Proposal for an Anti-Corruption Directive (OM039:00/2023) − Preparatory and steering group for updating the anti-corruption strategy and action plan (OM053:00/2024) − Project ‘Strengthening the Fight against Corruption’ OM089:00/2024 − Streamlining the regulation of information exchange to improve prison safety and to step up the prevention of labour exploitation and human trafficking (OM063:00/2023) − Assessment of needs to amend the Coercive Measures Act (OM055:00/2023) − Victim policy action plan (OM084:00/2023) − UN Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes − OM060:00/2024 − Legislative project: Identification of critical infrastructure and improving resilience (SM047:00/2022) and proposal on legislative amendment to broaden security clearance vetting in ports (OM166:0 0/2023) linked to it − Updating the National Strategy and Action Plan for Tackling the Shadow Economy and Economic Crime (TEM041:00/2024) − Expert group on information management in public administration VM099:00/2024 − Government to remove obstacles to exchange of information i