Report from the Finnish Citation Index Working Group II Finnish research organizations’ publications and citations in the Web of Science, 1990-2009 Reports of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland 2012:18 Ministry of Education and Culture • Department for Education and Science Policy • 2012 Report from the Finnish Citation Index Working Group II Finnish research organizations’ publications and citations in the Web of Science, 1990-2009 Reports of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland 2012:18 Ministry of Education and Culture Department for Education and Science Policy P.O. Box 29 00023 Government, Finland http://www.minedu.fi/publications Layout: Jussi Ekberg, Kopijyvä Oy Cover image: Milin, www.Rodeo.fi ISBN 978-952-263-132-9 (PDF) ISSN-L 1799-0343 ISSN 1799-0351 (Online) Reports of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland 2012:18 Certain data included herein are derived from the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Science Citation Index and Arts & Humanities Citation Index, prepared by Thomson Reuters®, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, © Copyright Thomson Reuters ®, 2011. http://www.minedu.fi/publications Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Data and methods 5 3 The development of Finnish publication productivity and citation impact 7 4 Publishing productivity and citation impact in different types of research organizations 9 5 Publishing productivity and citation impact in different disciplines 13 6 Publications and citation impact in the largest research organizations 18 7 Finnish publishing performance in international comparison 25 Appendix 1 Classification of WoS subject fields into disciplines 31 Appendix 2 Shares of publications and relative citation indices by discipline and research organization 36 4 1 Introduction This report has been prepared by the Citation Index Working Group II, which was appointed by the Finnish National Publication Register project (JURE), a project coordinated by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture in cooperation with higher education institutions. The aim of the working group was to examine the development of publishing performance in Finnish research organizations in the past two decades. The report scrutinizes the number of publications and their impact based on data from the Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science (WoS) database. The methodological choices in this analysis are based on the work of the Citation Index Working Group I, which examined alternative methods for calculating publishing output and their impact using Thomson Reuters’ WoS data for the years 2003- 2008. This study presents an overall picture of the Finnish publication performance in WoS between 1990 and 2009. The analyses are done at the national level as well as by various research organizations and disciplines. Furthermore, the position of Finland in international comparison is explored. The development of Finnish scientific publishing productivity is explored in a number of publications in four-year blocks of time: 1990-1993, 1994-1997, 1998-2001, 2002-2005 and 2006-2009. The impact of the publications is analyzed by means of cita- tions received by the Finnish publications during the corresponding years (with the exception of the last period, which only covers publications from the years 2006-2008). The Finnish version of this report includes more detailed analyses of all Finnish research organizations (released in 12/2012 http:// www.minedu.fi/OPM/Julkaisut/2011/Sitaatioindek- sityoryhma_IIn_raportti.html ). Members of the working group • Olli Poropudas, Ministry of Education and Culture (chair) • Otto Auranen, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies • Yrjö Leino, CSC – IT Center for Science • Maija Miettinen, Academy of Finland • Reetta Muhonen, University of Tampere • Anu Nuutinen, Academy of Finland • Hanna-Mari Puuska, CSC – IT Center for Science • Janne Pölönen, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies 5 2 Data and methods state research institutes, university hospitals and companies (1. Thomson Reuters applies about 260 subject categories in its classification of journals. All journal issues are classified into 1–6 subjects. In this study, the subject fields assigned to a publication are derived from the journal in which it is published. Thus, each publication is classified into 1–6 fields of science. Moreover, we have grouped the WoS’s fields of science into six major disciplines: natural sciences, medicine and health sciences, technology, agricultural sciences, social sciences and humanities (see Appendix 1). In addition, we treat the category ‘Multidisciplinary Sciences’ in WoS as a single disci- plinary group. WoS publications are categorized into more than 30 different types of publications, of which three have been taken into account in this analysis: articles, letters and reviews. Of all the Finnish publications in the database, these types cover a total of 89 per- cent. 1 The current Finnish research system includes 16 universities (13 for science, 3 for arts), 29 polytechnics, and 18 research institutes financed by the state. The health care system consists of 20 hospital districts, including five university hospitals and plenty of other hospitals and units of health care. The WoS data has been compiled from three databases provided by Thomson Reuters: the Sci- ence Citation Index Expanded, the Social Sciences Citation Index and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index. The data are commonly used in bibliometric research and their pros and cons are well known. The WoS contains high-quality information on all Finnish research organizations’ publications and their citations in international scientific journals and it makes it possible to analyse the citation impact of publications as well as make international comparisons. The coverage of WoS varies largely by discipline, country and the year of publication (e.g. Moed, 2005). The data cover publications in the natural and medical sciences most comprehensively, whereas it covers only a small fraction of publica- tions in the humanities and social sciences because publishing activities in these fields are more focused on national publications or books. In engineering, the coverage is moderate. In this report, a Finnish publication refers to a publication authored by at least one researcher or research group affiliated with a Finnish organization. Finnish research organizations in WoS publications are identified on the basis of the country record field. Research organizations are classified into types of organizations, namely universities, polytechnics, 6 2.1 Publication indicators In our analysis of publishing productivity, we apply both whole counting and fractionalized counting to the publications. The whole publication count has to do with the total number of such publications that at least one author with a Finnish address has contributed to. In fractionalized counting, the credit for a publication is divided both with respect to the contributing organizations and with respect to the disciplines. The internationally co-authored publica- tions are first divided equally among all participating countries irrespective of how many organizations in each country have contributed to them, and the Finnish share is further divided equally between the various Finnish organizations. Additionally, for the analyses specific to particular disciplines (or types of research organizations, respectively), if a publication belongs to several disciplines (or types of research organizations), then it is divided equally between all of them. We used the relative specialization index (RSI) to measure Finland’s publishing activity in various disci- plines relative to the world average (2. The RSI ranges between [-1,1) and the value of 1 is never reached. An RSI value of 0 indicates that the share of the publications belonging to a particular discipline is equal to the corresponding share of WoS publica- tions for the whole world. A negative value means that the share is smaller than that of the rest of the world. In turn, a positive value refers to a higher share than in the entire world. 2.2 Citation indicators In this report, the impact of Finnish publications is measured using relative citation indices. As the fields 2 The relative specialization index (RSI) is calculated on the basis of the activity index (AI), which is defined as Then, RSI is defined as . (See, NordForsk 2010, REIST-2 1997) of science differ in terms of their citation practices, the number of citations for each publication is nor- malized by comparing the number to the average number of citations received by all publications in the whole world. In the field normalized citation in- dex, the citation rates are compared to publications in the rest of the world that are in the same subject field, of the same publication type and published in the same year. In addition to field normalization, we also calculated the journal normalized citation index using a similar method, but instead of comparing citation rates to the field average, we normalized the number of citations received by a publication to the number of publications published in the same journal. As another indicator of the impact of pub- lications, we calculated the Top-10 index. The Top-10 index describes the proportion of Finnish publications positioned in the top ten per cent of the world’s most cited publications (3. As with the relative citation index, the Top-10 index is also normalized with respect to the world publications in the same subject field, the same publication type and the same publishing year. Values for both the relative citation index and the Top-10 index that are greater than 1 refer to a stronger impact relative to the whole world. Respectively, values less than 1 refer to a lower impact compared to the world average. Since the publications published in 2009 have not yet been cited often enough, the citation indices are presented only for publications that have been published before 2009. In the citation analyses, the citation window is not limited, i.e. we consider all ci- tations received during the entire period 1990-2009. The number of citations received by a publication is always fractionalized in exactly the same way as the publication itself is fractionalized between organiza- tions and subject categories.   3 The proportion of publications belonging to the list of the world’s most often cited publications is not necessarily exactly 10%. Therefore, the index describes the proportion of Finnish publications belonging to this percentile relative to the proportion for the world.nspublicatio s world' thein discipline particular theof share the nspublicatio Finnish thein discipline particular theof share the=AI 1 1 + −= AI AIRSI 7 -50 0 50 100 150 200 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 7500 15000 22500 30000 37500 45000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Finland WoS publications 1990-2009* 3 The development of Finnish publication productivity and citation impact The WoS data includes 143,000 publications in the years 1990–2009 contributed by at least one Finn- ish organization (whole publication count). The fractionalized publication count for the same 20-year period is 109,000. The whole count of Finnish pub- lications has more than doubled from 1990–1993 Figure 3.1 Number of Finnish WoS publications in 1990-2009 and their citation impact in 1990–2008 Figure 3.2 Indexed development of Finnish WoS publi- cation counts in 1990-2009 to 2006–2009 (Figs. 3.1 and 3.2). The fractionalized counts increased by 76% from 1990-1993 to 2006- 2009. The lower growth rate in the fractionalized counts compared to the whole counts indicates that co-publishing with foreign organizations has increased over the past two decades. Whole publication count Relative citation index (journal normalized) Relative citation index (field normalized) Fractionalized publication count Top 10 index Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index Whole publication count Fractionalized publication count Share of world output (fractionalized) Finland Trend 1990-2009 (1990-1993=100) 8 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,05 1,10 1,15 1,20 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Finland’s share of the world’s publications has varied from 0.68 to 0.89 per cent, and the fractionalized publication counts accounted for 0.58–0.68 per cent of the world output in the years 1990-2009. In ei-ther way of counting, the number of Finn- ish publications has grown slightly faster than the number of publications throughout the world up to the years 1998-2001, when Finland’s share of world publica-tions was at its highest (Fig. 3.2). Thereafter, Finland’s share of the fractionalized number of publication out of the world’s publication count decreased. This can be explained, for example, by an increasing number of co-authored international publications as well as by extensive growth in the publishing rates in, for example, China and India. Finland’s field normalized citation index remained above the world average throughout the whole peri-od of 1990-2008 (Fig. 3.1). It was at its high- est (1.09) in the years 1994-2001, after which it fell during the period 2002-2005 (1.05). However, it rose slightly again between the years 2006 and 2008 (1.07). Except for the years 1990-1993, the journal normalized citation index has been lower than the field based index. This suggests that Finnish authors have published a great deal in those journals that receive more citations than the journals in the same subject area on average. Figure 3.3 shows the development of Finnish publication productivity and impact specifically for the years 2002-2008. The number of publications has grown steadily year to year. The field normalized cita-tion index shows a downward trend from the early 2000s, with the low point occurring in the year 2005. In 2006-2008, the decline is, however, de- feated. As a consequence, the citation index in 2008 is roughly at the same level as in 2002. Figure 3.3 Number of Finnish WoS publications and their citation impact in 2002–2008, with overlapping four-year periods   Finland WoS publications 2002-2008 Whole publication count Relative citation index (journal normalized) Relative citation index (field normalized) Fractionalized publication count Top 10 index Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index 9 4 Publishing productivity and citation impact in different types of research organizations The whole publication count for Finnish universities in the entire two-decade period is approximately 107,000, which accounts for roughly 75 per cent of the total Finnish output (Table 4.1). Both uni- versity hospitals and state research institutes have contributed a total of approximately one-fifth of Finnish WoS publications. Companies account for six per cent of the total, and other health care units account for four per cent of the total. The scientific publishing activity of polytechnics is very low; they constitute only 0.4 per cent of Finnish publications. 15 percent of publications are authored by scholars from other organizations, such as municipal institu- tions, the Finnish defence forces, police authorities, government agencies, labour organizations and national health care associations. When measured using the fractionalized publica- tion count, the universities account for approxi- mately 60 per cent of the total Finnish output (Table 4.1). University hospitals account for 14 per cent of total Finnish fractionalized counts and other health sector units account for less than two per cent of the total Finnish fractionalized counts. State research institutes account for 13 per cent and companies for four per cent of the total Finnish fractionalized counts. The publishing activity of polytechnics is very low, yielding only 0.2 per cent of Finnish publi- cations in WoS. The shares of the whole publication count have grown for most types of research organizations, while their shares of the fractionalized count have remained quite stable throughout the two decades. This indicates an increase in the number of col- laborative publications between different types of organizations. The university hospitals and compa- nies have experienced a decrease in their share of fractionalized publication counts. Moreover, their share of the whole publication count has decreased, which suggests that their publishing productivity has not grown as fast as in other types of research organizations (Table 4.1). 10 Table 4.1 Share of Finnish publications from different types of research organizations Share of Finnish publications (whole counts*) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 69% 71% 75% 77% 78% 75% State research institutes 15% 17% 18% 20% 21% 19% University hospitals 20% 21% 24% 23% 21% 22% Other health care units 2.7% 2.1% 3.0% 4.5% 5.4% 3.8% Companies 6.5% 5.8% 6.0% 6.3% 5.9% 6.1% Polytechnics 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0.6% 0.7% 0.4% Share of Finnish publications (fractionalized counts**) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 59% 61% 58% 60% 61% 60% State research institutes 12% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% University hospitals 16% 15% 15% 13% 12% 14% Other health care units 1.8% 1.1% 1.4% 1.9% 2.1% 1.7% Companies 4.6% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.5% 3.8% Polytechnics 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% Other 7% 6% 9% 9% 9% 8% *) In whole counting, a publication co-authored by several types of research organizations is counted as a whole publication for each participating organization type. Thus, the percentages do not add up to 100 percent. **) In fractionalized counting, a publication co-authored by several types of research organizations is fractionalized by organiza-tion types. Thus, the percentages add up to 100 percent. 11 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000 36000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 450 900 1350 1800 2250 2700 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Figure 4.1 Number of Finnish publications produced by different types of research organization in the years 1990-2009 and their citation impact in WoS, 1990–2008 Universities State research institutes Other units of hospital districts University hospitals Companies Polytechnics Whole publication count Fractionalized publication count Relative citation index (journal normalized) Relative citation index (field normalized) Top 10 index Pu bl ic at io n co un t Pu bl ic at io n co un t Pu bl ic at io n co un t Pu bl ic at io n co un t Pu bl ic at io n co un t Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index R elative citation index / Top 10 index R elative citation index / Top 10 index R elative citation index / Top 10 index R elative citation index / Top 10 index R elative citation index / Top 10 index 36000 30000 24000 18000 12000 6000 0 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 2700 2250 1800 1350 900 450 0 9000 7500 6000 4500 3000 1500 0 9000 7500 6000 4500 3000 1500 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1990-1993 1990-1993 1990-1993 1990-1993 1990-1993 1990-1993 1994-1997 1994-1997 1994-1997 1994-1997 1994-1997 1994-1997 1998-2001 1998-2001 1998-2001 1998-2001 1998-2001 1998-2001 2002-2005 2002-2005 2002-2005 2002-2005 2002-2005 2002-2005 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 12 The number of publications has increased rapidly among state research institutes. The whole publication count increased threefold between the years 1990-1993 and 2006-2009 (Fig 4.1). Universi- ties contributed 2.4 times more publications in the years 2006-2009 than in the years 1990-1993. The fractionalized publication counts have also increased, although more moderately: they have doubled for state research institutes and increased 1.8-fold in universities. In university hospitals, the whole counts have increased 1.5-fold between the years 1990–1993 and 2006–2009. In contrast, the fractionalized publication count did not increase notably from the early 1990s, but has actually fallen since 1998-2001. This is due to the fact that, especially in the medi- cal sciences, co-publishing between organizations has increased. This is also the case for companies, where the whole count has increased approximately two-fold between the years 1990-1993 and 2006- 2009 but the fractionalized count did not increase significantly. The other health care units and polytechnics constitute only a minor part of Finnish publications, but at the same time they have experienced in rela- tive terms the fastest growth in publication counts among all types of research organizations. For health care units, the whole publication count has increased fourfold, whereas the fractionalized count slightly more than doubled. Polytechnics contributed only four publications in the years 1990-1993, while the respective count was 270 in the years 2006-2009. The state research organizations are superior to the other types of organizations when measured using the field normalized citation index. Also, uni- versities, university hospitals and other health sector units exceed the world average citation rate. This is also the case when the impact of publications is measured using the Top-10 index. The citation in- dices have not changed remarkably for any types of research organizations except for companies, where they have fallen since 1994-1997. 13 5 Publishing productivity and citation impact in different disciplines Of all Finnish publications (whole counts), 43 per cent were published in journals assigned to the natural sciences and 38 per cent in medical and health science journals (Table 5.1). Engineering has accounted for approximately ten per cent of publi- cations. The proportion of publications from medi- cine and the health sciences has decreased by 12 percentage points between the years 1990-1993 and 2006–2009, while the proportion of publications in the natural sciences has increased by five percentage points. Likewise, publications in the social sciences and engineering have increased in relative terms. The fractionalization of publications reduces the proportion of publications for the natural sciences, while other disciplines’ share of the fractionalized publication counts is slightly higher than with the whole counts. This is due to the fact that there are more internationally co-authored articles in the natural science journals than there are for the other disciplines. The share of world publications in Table 5.1 indi- cates that the number of publications in the journals for the social sciences, humanities, medicine and health sciences, as well as multidisciplinary sciences, have grown relatively more rapidly than in rest of the world, whereas publishing in engineering has not increased as quickly as the total number of WoS publications in the world. 14 Share of Finnish publications (whole counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990– 2009 Natural sciences 39% 41% 43% 45% 44% 43% Medicine and health sciences 45% 42% 39% 35% 33% 38% Engineering 7% 7% 8% 9% 9% 8% Agricultural sciences and forestry 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% Social sciences 4% 4% 5% 5% 7% 5% Humanities 1.1% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% 1.3% 1.0% Multidisciplinary sciences 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.5% 0.7% 0.6% Share of Finnish publications (fractionalized counts**) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990– 2009 Natural sciences 36% 38% 39% 42% 41% 40% Medicine and health sciences 47% 44% 41% 36% 34% 39% Engineering 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 9% Agricultural sciences and forestry 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5% Social sciences 4% 5% 5% 6% 8% 6% Humanities 1.3% 0.9% 1.2% 1.2% 1.7% 1.3% Multidisciplinary sciences 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% Share of world publications (fractionalized counts**) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990– 2009 Finland in total 0.59% 0.65% 0.68% 0.65% 0.59% 0.63% Natural sciences 0.50% 0.57% 0.61% 0.61% 0.55% 0.57% Medicine and health sciences 0.43% 0.47% 0.54% 0.59% 0.53% 0.52% Engineering 0.89% 0.96% 0.91% 0.78% 0.65% 0.82% Agricultural sciences and forestry 0.77% 0.82% 0.93% 0.93% 0.79% 0.85% Social sciences 0.31% 0.44% 0.54% 0.61% 0.68% 0.53% Humanities 0.16% 0.14% 0.21% 0.23% 0.33% 0.22% Multidisciplinary sciences 0.15% 0.19% 0.25% 0.20% 0.28% 0.21% Table 5.1 Share of Finnish publications in journals from different disciplines *) Publications are not fractionalized by countries, but they are fractionalized equally by disciplines in cases where the journal subject fi elds belong to more than one discipline. **) Publications are fractionalized both by countries and by disciplines. 15 Figure 4.1 Share of Finnish publications from different disciplines relative to their share of world publications (the relative specialization index) in 2006–2009 The agricultural sciences and forestry account for a slightly higher proportion of Finnish publications than the total world publication output for the years 2006–2009 (Figure 4.1). Meanwhile, the shares for the medical sciences and the natural and the social sciences, as well as engineering, correspond to their respective shares for the whole world. Publications in humanities and multidisciplinary journals are less typical for Finland relative to the entire world. -1,00 -0,50 0,00 0,50 1,00 LUO TEK LÄÄ MAA YHT HUM YLEIS Suomi Suhteellinen erikoistumisindeksi 2006-2009 Koko maailma Suomi Finland WoS publications 2006-2009 Relative specialization index NAT MULTI ENG HUM MED SOC World total Finland AGR The number of Finnish publications has increased quite steadily in all disciplines. The publishing output in engineering has, however, grown signifi cantly faster than the output for other disciplines in Finland: the whole publication count has increased by more than three times between the years 1990-1993 and 2006–2009 (Fig. 4.2). This is due to the overall improved coverage of engineering journals by Thomson Reuters: Table 3.1 displays, however, a lower growth rate for engineering pub- lications in Finland compared to the rest of the world. The natural sciences, social sciences and humani- ties have also experienced a relatively more rapid in- crease in whole publication counts than the Finnish national average: the whole counts increased 2.5-fold between the years 1990-1993 and 2006–2009. Mean- while, the increase has progressed rapidly in other disciplines as well during the two decades; in social sciences and the humanities the most remarkable growth has taken place during the last two four-year periods: from 2002-2005 to 2006-2009. The growth rate in multidisciplinary journals and in agricultural sciences and forestry was close to the Finnish average, where the number of publications slightly more than doubled. The lowest relative increase occurred in medicine and the health sci- ences, where the number of publications increased 1.6-fold. The fractionalized publication counts have in- creased clearly less than the whole counts in all dis- ciplines except for the humanities, where the trend is nearly identical for both publication counting methods. The difference between fractionalized and whole counts has broadened especially in medicine and the health sciences as well as in the natural sci- ences during the 20-year period under study. This in- dicates that the degree of international co-authored publications has increased in these disciplines. 16 Figure 4.2 Number of Finnish publications in journals of different disciplines in the years 1990-2009 and their citation impact in WoS, 1990–2008 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Agriculture and forestry 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Social sciences 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Humanities 0,4 0,7 1 1,3 1,6 1,9 2,2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Multidisciplinary sciences 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Medical and health sciences 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Natural sciences Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index 18000 15000 12000 9000 6000 3000 0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 700 1400 2100 2800 3500 4200 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Engineering Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index 4200 3500 2800 2100 1400 700 0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index 15000 12500 10000 7500 5000 2500 0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Pu bl ic at io n co un t Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index R elative citation index / Top 10 index 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1,8 1,5 1,2 0,9 0,6 0,3 2,2 1,9 1,6 1,3 1 0,7 0,4 1990-1993 1990-1993 1994-1997 1994-1997 1998-2001 1998-2001 2002-2005 2002-2005 2006-2009 2006-2009 Pu bl ic at io n co un t R elative citation index / Top 10 index 1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,41990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Whole publication count Fractionalized publication count Relative citation index (journal normalized) Relative citation index (field normalized) Top 10 index 17 From the beginning of the 1990s, the highest growth in the field normalized citation index has occurred in the humanities (albeit the publication counts are very small), the agricultural sciences and forestry and the natural sciences. In medicine and the health sciences, as well as in engineering, a clear decrease in the citation rates appears compared to the world level. In all disciplines, the Top-10 index has fol-lowed a similar trend as the relative citation index. From the mid-1990s, the journal normalized cita- tion index has remained below the field based index in all disciplines. That is, the Finnish authors have published in journals that are cited more often on aver-age than the other journals in a particular sub- ject field. The social sciences constitute an exception in that sense, since both their citation indices are at about the same level. The citation indices for the different disciplines should not be compared across disciplines due to the biased coverage of publications in certain disci- plines, namely in the social sciences and humanities. The field normalized citation index in multidiscipli- nary journals clearly exceeds the world level, which should be obvious because they include two of the world’s most cited journals, Nature and Science.   18 6 Publications and citation impact in the largest research organizations Table 6.1 The 20 most productive Finnish research organizations in the years 2006-2009 ranked by the fi eld nor- malized citation index for 2006-2008 Research organization Number of publications (fractionalized count) 2006-2009 Field-normal- ized relative citation index 2006-2008 Top-10 index 2006-2008 1. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) 780 1.35 1.37 2. Agrifood Research Finland (MTT) 291 1.25 1.16 3. University of Helsinki (HY) 4,670 1.19 1.09 4. Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) 663 1.17 1.20 5. Åbo Akademi University (ÅA) 822 1.13 1.09 6. University of Jyväskylä (JY) 1,293 1.12 1.09 7. Helsinki University Central Hospital (HYKS) 1,458 1.12 1.14 8. Aalto University 2,279 1.10 1.05 9. Kuopio University Hospital (KYS) 466 1.05 0.94 10. Turku University Central Hospital (TYKS) 358 1.05 0.97 11. The Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA) 405 1.05 0.94 12. University of Eastern Finland (ISY) 1,675 1.04 0.95 13. University of Tampere (TaY) 834 0.98 0.87 14. University of Oulu (OY) 1,602 0.97 0.85 15. University of Turku (TY) 1,661 0.96 0.91 16. Tampere University Hospital (TAYS) 494 0.92 0.71 17. Tampere University of Technology (TTY) 778 0.92 0.89 18. Institute of Occupational Health (TTL) 336 0.91 0.91 19. Lappeenranta University of Technology (LTY) 330 0.87 0.81 20. Oulu University Hospital (OYS) 334 0.85 0.68 19 The 20 most productive Finnish research organiza- tions in terms of WoS publications in the years 2006-2009 include ten universities, five state research institutes and five university hospitals (Table 2.4 and Figure 6.1). Among these 20 organizations, the field normalized citation index for publications in 2006-2008 is the highest for the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Agrifood Research Finland (MTT) and the University of Helsinki (UH). When measured using the Top-10 index, THL still holds the top position while the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has the second highest share of publications in the world’s most cited 10 per cent. MTT has the third highest impact when measured using the Top-10 index. Figure 6.1 Number of publications in the years 2006-2009 and field normalized citation index in 2006-2008 in the 20 most productive Finnish research organizations in terms of publication counts The 20 most productive Finnish research organizations 2006-2009* R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d no rm al iz ed ) Fractionalized publication count AALTO KYS TYKS METLA TTY ÅA VTT HY TAYS MTT OYS LTY TTL TY OY ISY TAY HYKS JY THL 20 In the years 2006-2009, the majority of Finn- ish publications in natural science journals were authored by university researchers (75% of frac- tionalized counts, see Appendix 2, Table 2.2). State research institutes produced 14 per cent of publica- tions in the natural sciences. A signifi cant proportion of Finnish publications in the natural sciences (24% of the fractionalized counts) were authored by University of Helsinki researchers (HY; Fig. 6.2). Aalto University is the next most productive publisher in the natural sci- ences (11%). The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) and the Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) have had the greatest impact on the numbers: their natural science publications in the years 2006- 2008 received about one and a half time as many citations on average as the corresponding fi elds for the whole world. ÅA TTY VTT IL HIP TaY METLA THL SYKE LTY HYKS JY ISY OY TY Aalto HY 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Su ht ee llin en v iit ta us in de ks i (ti et ee na la po hj ai ne n) Julkaisujen lukumäärä (ositettu) Luonnontieteet 2006-2009* Figure 6.2 Natural sciences: number of publications in the years 2006-2009 and fi eld normalized citation index in 2006- 2008 in research organizations where the proportion of the Finnish fractionalized publication count is more than 1% R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi e ld n or m al iz ed ) Fractionalized publication count Natural sciences 2006-2009* 21 ÅA Aalto BiomH JY TTL OYS TYKS KYS TaYS OY TaY TY ISY THL HY HYKS 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( ti et ee na la po hj ai ne n) Julkaisujen lukumäärä (ositettu) Lääke- ja terveystieteet 2006-2009* Figure 6.3 Medicine and health sciences: number of publications in the years 2006-2009 and fi eld normalized citation index in 2006-2008 in research organizations where the proportion of the Finnish fractionalized publication count is more than 1% In 2006-2009, 37 per cent of Finnish fractional- ized publication counts for medicine and the health sciences were attributed to universities and 30 per cent to university hospitals. The corresponding pro- portion for state research institutes was 10 per cent (Appendix 2, Table 2.3). The University of Helsinki (HY) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (HYKS) are clearly the most productive in terms of publishing output in medical and health science journals (Fig. 6.3). When the fractionalized counts for the universities and university hospitals are added together, the shares by region in the years 2006-2009 were as follows: Helsinki 26%, Eastern Finland 10%, Tampere 9%, Turku 8% and Oulu 8%. For medicine and the health sciences in the years 2006-2008, the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) had the highest relative citation in- Medical and health sciences 2006-2009* R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi e ld n or m al iz ed ) Fractionalized publication count dex: its publications received 29 per cent more cita- tions than the world average. Biomedicum Helsinki (Biom H) had the second highest relative citation impact: 1.21. 22 Figure 6.4 Engineering: number of publications in the years 2006-2009 and fi eld normalized citation index in 2006-2008 in research organizations where the proportion of the Finnish fractionalized publication count is more than 1% For engineering journals in the years 2006-2009, the universities’ share of fractionalized counts of Finnish publications is 71 per cent. State research institutes and companies each comprise approxi- mately 11 per cent of the Finnish count (Appendix 2, table 2.4). With a 26 per cent share, Aalto University ac- counted for the greatest number of engineering publications in the years 2006-2009 (Fig. 6.4). Tampere University of Technology (TTY) had the second largest proportion of publications in engi- neering: 11%. Åbo Akademi University had the highest relative citation index for engineering publications in the years 2006-2008: it received 71 per cent more cita- tions than the world average. Also, the University of Helsinki (HY) had a high relative citation impact in engineering: 1.57. Aalto VTT OY TTY ÅA LTY HY JY ISY TY 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( tie te en al ap oh ja in en ) Julkaisujen lukumäärä (ositettu) Tekniikka 2006-2009* Engineering 2006-2009* R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi e ld n or m al iz ed ) Fractionalized publication count 23 Figure 6.5 Agricultural sciences and forestry: number of publications in the years 2006-2009 and fi eld normalized citation index in 2006-2008 in research organizations where the proportion of the Finnish fractionalized publication count is more than 1% The shares of publications in the agricultural sciences and forestry authored by researchers at universities and state research institutes are almost equal: 47 and 41 percent, respectively (see Appendix 2, table 2.5). The University of Helsinki was the most active Finnish organization in terms of publishing in the agricul-tural sciences and forestry in the years 2006-2009; it accounted for 27% of the Finnish fractionalized publication count (Fig. 6.5). The next highest number of publications was produced by the Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA; 17%), the Agrifood Research Institute (MTT; 13%) and the University of Eastern Finland (11%). On average, the largest amount of citations for the publications in the years 2006-2008 were collect- ed by VTT, which received up to 85 per cent more citations than the world average. However, VTT’s overall number of publications in the agricultural sciences and forestry is very low. The University of Helsinki and MTT also have relatively high citation indices: more than a third above the world average. VTT ISY MTT METLA HY 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( tie te en al ap oh ja in en ) Julkaisujen lukumäärä (ositettu) Maatalous- ja metsätieteet 2006-2009* Agriculture and forestry 2006-2009* R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi e ld n or m al iz ed ) Fractionalized publication count 24 THL SHH ISY OY ÅA TY TaY JY Aalto HY 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( tie te en al ap oh ja in en ) Julkaisujen lukumäärä (ositettu) Yhteiskuntatieteet 2006-2009* Figure 6.6 Social sciences: number of publications in the years 2006-2009 and fi eld normalized citation index in 2006-2008 in research organizations where the proportion of the Finnish fractionalized publication count is more than 1% Finnish publications in the social sciences in the years 2006-2009 were mainly produced by universities (73 per cent of fractionalized counts). State research institutes account for 8 per cent and university hospitals 4 per cent of publications (See Appendix 2, table 2.6). The University of Helsinki’s share of social sci- ence publications is 18 per cent, while the propor- tions for all other organizations were less than ten per cent (Fig. 6.6). The National Institute for Health and Welfare had the highest relative citation index: 1.16. Other organizations whose fractionalized publication count in the social sciences in the years 2006-2009 was at least 50 received an equal number or fewer citations than the world average. For the humanities, the great majority of Finn- ish publications in the years 2006-2009 (87%) were authored by university researchers. With a 38 per cent share of Finland’s fractionalized count, the University of Helsinki is by far the most productive university for publications in the humanities. Of Finnish publications in multidisciplinary journals in the years 2006-2009, 75 per cent were authored by university researchers, nine per cent by state research institutes and six per cent by university hospitals. The University of Helsinki accounted for 41 per cent of these publications. Social sciences 2006-2009* R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi e ld n or m al iz ed ) Fractionalized publication count 25 7 Finnish publishing performance in international comparison Finland produced more WoS publications per capita than any other OECD or BRIC country (Brazil, Russia, India and China) in terms of fractionalized publication counts during the period 2006-2009 (Fig. 7.1). Per million inhabitants, 1,259 fractionalized publications a year were drawn up in Finland. Swit- zerland and Sweden had the next highest publication rates. All of the Nordic countries were found among the 11 most productive OECD countries. Out of whole publication counts in OECD and BRIC countries in the years 2006-2009, 28 per cent were published by authors in the United States, nine per cent by authors in China, seven per cent by authors both in Great Britain and Japan and six per cent by authors in Germany. Other countries’ shares of the publication counts ranged from less than one per cent to four per cent. Finland’s share was about one per cent. 26 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Intia Kiina Brasilia Venäjä Meksiko Chile Turkki Luxemburg Slovakia Puola Unkari Portugali Viro Tšekki Japani Etelä-Korea Italia Espanja Kreikka Ranska Saksa Itävalta Irlanti Yhdysvallat Belgia Slovenia Uusi-Seelanti Islanti Iso-Britannia Kanada Norja Alankomaat Australia Tanska Israel Ruotsi Sveitsi Suomi Julkaisuja miljoonaa asukasta kohden vuodessa OECD- ja BRIC-maat 2006-2009 Figure 7.1 Fractionalized publication counts per million inhabitants for OECD and BRIC countries in the years 2006–2009 Note. Number of publications and inhabitants in 2006–2009. Data on inhabitants: OECD Factbook (2010). Finland Switzerland Sweden Israel Denmark Australia the Netherlands Norway Canada Great Britain Iceland New Zealand Slovenia Belgium United States Ireland Austria Germany France Greece Spain Italy South Korea Japan the Czech Republic Estonia Portugal Hungary Poland Slovakia Luxembourg Turkey Chile Mexico Russia Brazil China India Fractionalized publication count per million inhabitants per year OECD and BRIC countries 2006-2009 27 Swiss and US publications in the years 2006-2008 received more than 30 per cent more citations than the world average (Figure 7.2). From the early 2000s, the Swiss publications’ relative citation index has increased, while the citation rate received by US publications relative to world average has decreased. Among the 34 OECD countries, Finland ranked in 14th position for the years 2006–2008, while its rank for the years 1998-2001 was eighth. The relative citation index for most of the OECD countries increased during the period under study. Finland together with eight other OECD countries, however, displayed an opposite trend, although the decrease in the citation indices was minor. Of the OECD countries that were above the world average, Belgium and Ireland achieved the greatest growth in their relative citation indices. China has shown quite an increase in relative citation index from the early 2000s, although it still remains below the world average. The range between the minimum and maximum of OECD countries’ relative citation index dimin- ished between 1990 and 2008 (Table 7.1). The weak- est countries performed relatively better than previ- ously and, accordingly, the most influential countries receive proportionately fewer citations. The number of OECD countries that were above the world aver- age has also increased during the past two decades.   0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 S ve its i Yh dy sv al la t A la nk om aa t Ta ns ka Is o- B rit an ni a R uo ts i Is la nt i Ka na da B el gi a N or ja Irl an ti A us tra lia S ak sa S uo m i Itä va lta R an sk a U us i-S ee la nt i Is ra el Ita lia Es pa nj a Po rtu ga li Lu xe m bu rg Kr ei kk a Ja pa ni Et el ä- Ko re a Vi ro U nk ar i S lo ve ni a C hi le Tš ek ki Tu rk ki M ek si ko Pu ol a S lo va ki a Ki in a In tia B ra si lia Ve nä jä S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( tie te en al ap oh ja in en ) OECD-ja BRIC-maat Suhteellinen viittausindeksi Viittausindeksi (tieteenala) 2006-2008 Viittausindeksi (tieteenala) 1998-2001 S w itz er la nd U ni te d S ta te s th e N et he rla nd s D en m ar k G re at B rit ai n S w ed en Ic el an d C an ad a B el gi um N or w ay Ire la nd A us tr al ia G er m an y Fi nl an d A us tr ia Fr an ce N ew Z ea la nd Is ra el Ita ly S pa in P or tu ga l Lu xe m bo ur g G re ec e Ja pa n S ou th K or ea E st on ia H un ga ry S lo ve ni a C hi le th e C ze ch R ep ub lic Tu rk ey M ex ic o P ol an d S lo va ki a C hi na In di a B ra zi l R us si a R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d no rm al iz ed ) OECD and BRIC countries Relative citation index (field normalized) 2006-2008 Relative citation index (field normalized) 1998-2001 Figure 7.2 Field normalized citation index for OECD and BRIC countries between the years 1998-2001 and 2006–2009 28 Table 7.1 Field normalized citation index for OECD and BRIC countries in the years 1990-2008. Citation rates equal to or greater than the world average (1.00) are in bold OECD countries 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 1. Switzerland 1,24 1,30 1,29 1,30 1,34 2. United States 1,42 1,39 1,38 1,34 1,31 3. the Netherlands 1,22 1,25 1,25 1,26 1,28 4. Denmark 1,19 1,17 1,24 1,25 1,27 5. Great Britain 1,11 1,12 1,15 1,17 1,20 6. Sweden 1,18 1,15 1,16 1,13 1,13 7. Iceland 1,08 1,08 1,05 1,10 1,13 8. Canada 1,12 1,13 1,13 1,10 1,12 9. Belgium 0,95 1,00 1,01 1,08 1,12 10. Norway 0,98 1,01 1,06 1,10 1,11 11. Ireland 0,92 0,91 1,00 1,03 1,11 12. Australia 1,03 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,08 13. Germany 0,85 0,94 0,98 1,01 1,08 14. Finland 1,03 1,09 1,09 1,05 1,07 15. Austria 0,82 0,94 0,94 1,00 1,03 16. France 0,89 0,94 0,95 0,98 1,00 17. New Zealand 0,93 1,00 1,02 0,96 1,00 18. Israel 0,98 1,01 1,00 0,99 0,98 19. Italy 0,82 0,87 0,92 0,93 0,94 20. Spain 0,69 0,82 0,84 0,89 0,93 21. Portugal 0,73 0,80 0,85 0,88 0,93 22. Luxembourg 0,45 0,61 0,73 0,90 0,93 23. Greece 0,63 0,71 0,78 0,84 0,89 24. Japan 0,85 0,82 0,81 0,79 0,81 25. South Korea 0,75 0,71 0,80 0,82 0,81 26. Estonia 0,48 0,66 0,67 0,71 0,79 27. Hungary 0,55 0,63 0,67 0,76 0,75 28. Slovenia 0,71 0,63 0,65 0,69 0,74 29. Chile 0,52 0,59 0,63 0,70 0,68 30. the Czech Republic 0,35 0,49 0,55 0,63 0,68 31. Turkey 0,59 0,63 0,67 0,67 0,67 32. Mexico 0,61 0,61 0,60 0,61 0,60 33. Poland 0,45 0,49 0,51 0,53 0,51 34. Slovakia 0,21 0,35 0,38 0,45 0,51 BRIC-countries 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 China 0,43 0,50 0,63 0,80 0,88 India 0,45 0,47 0,54 0,64 0,66 Brazil 0,56 0,61 0,63 0,66 0,61 Russia 0,18 0,24 0,27 0,30 0,30 29 The development of the citation impact for the six OECD countries cited most often on average is examined in more detail in Figure 7.3 and according to the different disciplines in Figure 7.4. To better compare the largest Nordic countries, we also in- cluded Finland and Norway. Switzerland has risen in the rankings with regards to the citation impact throughout the 2000s (Figure 7.3). We witness a similar trend with the Nether- lands, Denmark, Great Britain and Norway. As for US, Sweden and Finland, the citation impact began to decrease at the turn of the millennium. Figure 7.3 Field normalized citation index for certain OECD countries in the years 1990–2008 Switzerland U.S. the Netherlands Denmark UK Sweden Norway Finland 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2008 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( tie te en al ap oh ja in en ) Eräät OECD-maat Suhteellinen viittausindeksi 1990-2008 Certain OECD countries R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d ba se d) Figure 7.4 Field normalized citation index by discipline for certain OECD countries in the years 1990–2008 Norwaythe Netherlands Denmark UK Sweden U.S. Finland Switzerland 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2008 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( ti et ee na la po hj ai ne n) Maatalous- ja metsätieteet Eräiden OECD-maiden suhteellinen viittausindeksi 1990-2008 Agriculture and forestry R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d ba se d) Switzerland U.S. the Netherlands Denmark UK Sweden Norway Finland 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2008 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( ti et ee na la po hj ai ne n) Luonnontieteet Eräiden OECD-maiden suhteellinen viittausindeksi 1990-2008 Natural sciences R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d ba se d) U.S. Denmark Switzerland the Netherlands Sweden Norway UK Finland 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2008 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( tie te en al ap oh ja in en ) Lääke- ja terveystieteet Eräiden OECD-maiden suhteellinen viittausindeksi 1990-2008 Medicine and health sciences R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d ba se d) Switzerland Denmark U.S. the Netherlands UK Sweden Norway Finland 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2008 S uh te el lin en v iit ta us in de ks i ( ti et ee na la po hj ai ne n) Tekniikka Eräiden OECD-maiden suhteellinen viittausindeksi 1990-2008 Engineering R el at iv e ci ta tio n in de x (fi el d ba se d) 30 For the natural sciences, Switzerland and the United States have received the most citations on average throughout the whole period under study, although the order of these countries has been reversed. Great Britain has faced the most notable increase in the relative citation impact in the natural sciences. The citation index for Finnish publications has grown the second most rapidly among the eight countries under consideration. The United States is the leading country with regards to the impact of publications in journals of medicine and the health sciences. However, Denmark, Switzerland and the Netherlands are catching up to the US in this respect. Norway has experienced a notable increase in the relative citation index in medicine and the health sciences. The Swiss index, however, has increased even more for medi- cine and the health sciences. Denmark and the United States gathered more citations than other countries on average for engi- neering publications in the early 1990s. Switzerland has, however, strengthened its position in engineer- ing. Like in the natural sciences, the British publica- tions in engineering have increased the most rapidly in terms of the citation index from 1990 to 2008. For agricultural sciences and forestry, the devel- opment of the relative citation index has differed between the countries. At the beginning of the 1990s, Great Britain had the highest relative citation index, whereas in 2006-2008 it had been overtaken by Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark. Finland, however, has shown the most notable positive change in the relative citation index. Finnish publica- tions in agricultural sciences and forestry were cited less often than the world average in the early 1990s, but in the most recent period they received 23 per cent more citations than the world publications on average.   31 Appendix 1 Classifi cation of WoS subject fi elds into disciplines Natural sciences Mathematics Instruments & Instrumentation Biology Mathematics, Applied Astronomy & Astrophysics Biodiversity Conservation (Mathematics, General) Remote Sensing Entomology Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applica- tions Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Limnology Statistics & Probability Chemistry, Analytical Marine & Freshwater Biology Computer Science, Artifi cial Intelligence Chemistry, Applied Mycology Computer Science, Cybernetics Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear Ornithology Computer Science, Information Systems Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Ecology Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications Chemistry, Organic Evolutionary Biology Computer Science, Software Engineering Chemistry, Physical Zoology Computer Science, Theory & Methods Crystallography Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Acoustics Electrochemistry Biophysics Nuclear Science & Technology Polymer Science Biochemical Research Methods Optics Geochemistry & Geophysics Cell Biology Physics, Applied Geography Microscopy Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical Geography, Physical Mathematical & Computational Biology Physics, Condensed Matter Geology Plant Sciences Physics, Fluids & Plasmas Geosciences, Multidisciplinary Microbiology Physics, Mathematical Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Virology Physics, Multidisciplinary Mineralogy Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology Physics, Nuclear Oceanography Genetics & Heredity Physics, Particles & Fields Palaeontology Developmental Biology Mechanics Water Resources Reproductive Biology Spectroscopy Soil Science Imaging Science & Photography Technology Environmental Sciences 32 Engineering Construction & Building Technology Robotics Materials Science, Paper & Wood Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical & Electronic Materials Science, Textiles Transportation Science & Technology Automation & Control Systems Engineering, Environmental Transportation Telecommunications Engineering, Geological Engineering, Aerospace Computer Science, Hardware & Archi- tecture Energy & Fuels Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Manufacturing Materials Science, Ceramics Engineering, Marine Engineering, Mechanical Materials Science, Characterization, Testing Mining & Mineral Processing Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering Materials Science, Coatings & Films Engineering, Ocean Thermodynamics Materials Science, Composites Engineering, multidisciplinary Agricultural Engineering Materials Science, Multidisciplinary 33 Medicine and health sciences Medical Laboratory Technology Cardiac & Cardiovascular System Orthopaedics Engineering, Biomedical Respiratory System Transplantation Materials Science, Biomaterials Peripheral Vascular Disease Anaesthesiology Cell & Tissue Engineering Haematology Emergency Medicine Immunology Geriatrics & Gerontology Critical Care Medicine Anatomy & Morphology Gerontology Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imagi Physiology Rehabilitation Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine Pathology Medicine, General & Internal Tropical Medicine Medicine, Research & Experimental Integrative & Complementary Medicine Parasitology Medical Informatics Dermatology Infectious Diseases Neuroimaging Allergy Medical Ethics Neurosciences Oncology Ergonomics Toxicology Obstetrics & Gynaecology Substance Abuse Pharmacology & Pharmacy Paediatrics Nutrition & Dietetics Chemistry, Medicinal Clinical Neurology Public, Environmental & Occupational Health Endocrinology & Metabolism Psychiatry Sport Sciences Andrology Psychology, Clinical Nursing Gastroenterology & Hepatology Otorhinolaryngology Health Care Sciences & Services Rheumatology Ophthalmology Medicine, Legal Urology & Nephrology Surgery 34 Social sciences Economics Social Sciences, Biomedical Psychology, Multidisciplinary Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods Women’s Studies Psychology, Psychoanalysis Agricultural Economics & Policy Social Work Psychology, Social Business Information Science & Library Science Behavioural Sciences Business, Finance Communication Education & Educational Research Management Environmental Studies Education, Scientifi c Disciplines Operations Research & Management Science Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, Special Demography Urban Studies Political Science Family Studies Psychology International Relations History of Social Sciences Psychology, Applied Public Administration Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary Psychology, Biological Planning & Development Sociology Psychology, Developmental Law Health Policy & Services Psychology, Educational Criminology & Penology Industrial Relations & Labour Psychology, Experimental Social Issues Psychology, Mathematical Agricultural sciences and forestry (Agriculture, Soil Science) Horticulture Veterinary Sciences Agronomy Forestry Agriculture, Multidisciplinary Fisheries Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science Food Science & Technology 35 Humanities Ethics Literature, American Film, Radio, Television Philosophy Literature, British Isles Architecture History & Philosophy of Science Literature, German, Dutch, Scandinavian History Religion Literature, Romance Archaeology (Applied linguistics) Literature, Slavic Medieval & Renaissance Studies Language & Linguistics Poetry Anthropology Linguistics Classics Ethnic Studies Literary Reviews Theatre Folklore Literary Theory & Criticism Dance Humanities, Multidisciplinary Literature Music Asian Studies Literature, African, Australian, Canadian Art Area Studies 36 Appendix 2 Shares of publications and relative citation indices by discipline and research organization All disciplines in total Appendix Table 2.1 Share of Finnish publications and relative citation indices by research organization in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 59.5% 61.0% 57.6% 59.7% 60.5% 59.7% State research institutes 11.6% 12.7% 12.7% 12.7% 12.8% 12.6% University hospitals 15.8% 15.3% 15.4% 13.0% 11.7% 14.0% Other health care units 1.8% 1.2% 1.4% 1.9% 2.1% 1.7% Companies 4.6% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.5% 3.8% Polytechnics 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% University of Helsinki 21.8% 20.2% 17.6% 17.3% 17.5% 18.6% University of Turku 8.6% 9.5% 7.8% 7.2% 6.2% 7.7% Aalto University 5.6% 6.1% 6.6% 8.5% 8.5% 7.3% Helsinki University Central Hospital 9.1% 7.8% 7.3% 6.3% 5.5% 7.0% University of Oulu 7.1% 7.4% 6.9% 6.4% 6.0% 6.7% University of Eastern Finland 5.9% 6.5% 6.2% 6.2% 6.3% 6.2% University of Jyväskylä 2.7% 3.2% 4.0% 4.2% 4.8% 3.9% National Institute for Health and Welfare 2.7% 3.5% 3.6% 3.1% 2.9% 3.2% University of Tampere 3.9% 2.8% 2.8% 2.7% 3.1% 3.0% Åbo Akademi University 2.5% 2.8% 2.8% 3.1% 3.1% 2.9% VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 3.2% 3.0% 2.4% 2.6% 2.5% 2.7% Kuopio University Hospital 2.3% 2.6% 2.9% 2.3% 1.7% 2.3% Tampere University of Tech- nology 0.6% 1.5% 1.9% 2.8% 2.9% 2.1% Tampere University Hospital 1.4% 1.7% 2.3% 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% Turku University Central Hospital 1.8% 2.0% 1.5% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% Institute of Occupational Health 1.8% 1.7% 1.5% 1.3% 1.3% 1.5% The Finnish Forest Research Institute 0.6% 1.1% 1.3% 1.5% 1.5% 1.3% Oulu University Hospital 1.2% 1.2% 1.4% 1.1% 1.3% 1.2% MTT Agrifood Research Finland 1.2% 1.0% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 37 Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 1.03 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.07 1.07 Universities 1.00 1.07 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.07 State research institutes 1.09 1.13 1.13 1.09 1.12 1.11 University hospitals 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.07 Other health care units 0.82 0.98 1.05 1.03 1.09 1.01 Companies 1.00 1.12 0.92 0.94 0.91 0.97 Polytechnics 2.90 0.43 1.01 0.74 0.77 0.80 National Institute for Health and Welfare 1.24 1.33 1.45 1.33 1.35 1.35 Aalto University 1.08 1.23 1.31 1.19 1.10 1.19 University of Helsinki 1.06 1.17 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.17 VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 1.25 1.15 1.11 1.12 1.17 1.16 Kuopio University Hospital 1.17 1.23 1.12 1.03 1.05 1.12 Helsinki University Central Hospital 1.13 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.11 Åbo Akademi University 1.06 0.98 0.95 1.19 1.13 1.07 The Finnish Forest Research Institute 1.27 1.14 1.12 0.92 1.04 1.06 University of Jyväskylä 0.80 1.08 1.11 0.98 1.13 1.04 University of Eastern Finland 0.96 1.10 1.10 0.99 1.03 1.04 University of Tampere 0.91 1.23 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.02 MTT Agrifood Research Fin-land 0.61 0.90 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.01 Tampere University Hospital 1.09 1.10 1.02 0.95 0.92 1.00 Turku University Central Hospital 0.85 0.95 1.06 1.03 1.05 0.99 Institute of Occupational Health 1.05 1.09 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.97 Oulu University Hospital 0.80 1.10 1.04 0.89 0.85 0.95 University of Turku 0.96 0.90 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 University of Oulu 0.95 0.94 0.89 0.90 0.97 0.92 Tampere University of Tech- nology 0.91 0.76 0.84 0.73 0.92 0.82 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. 38 Natural sciences Appendix Table 2.2 Natural sciences: Share of Finnish publications and relative citation indi- ces by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 76.1% 75.6% 74-9% 74.6% 74.8% 75.1% State research institutes 13.6% 14.4% 13.2% 13.7% 13.5% 13.7% University hospitals 2,2% 2.7% 3.3% 2.9% 2.5% 2.8% Other health care units 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% Companies 4.9% 3.6% 3.2% 3.5% 3.1% 3.5% Polytechnics 0.04% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% University of Helsinki 29.0% 25.3% 24.3% 22.4% 23.1% 24.3% Aalto University 9.4% 9.4% 9.6% 11.9% 11.0% 10.4% University of Turku 10.4% 12.4% 10.3% 9.0% 8.1% 9.8% University of Oulu 8.7% 8.1% 8.3% 7.6% 7.5% 7.9% University of Eastern Finland 5.2% 6.9% 7.0% 6.8% 7.2% 6.8% University of Jyväskylä 5.3% 5.5% 6.7% 6.6% 7.1% 6.4% Åbo Akademi University 3.3% 3.8% 4.0% 4.1% 3.9% 3.9% VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 4.7% 4.4% 3.2% 3.5% 3.1% 3.6% Tampere University of Tech- nology 0.8% 1.8% 2.4% 3.4% 3.7% 2.7% National Institute for Health and Welfare 2.2% 2.2% 1.9% 1.7% 1.4% 1.8% The Finnish Meteorological Institute 0.9% 1.3% 1.7% 1.7% 2.1% 1.6% University of Tampere 3.1% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% 1.5% 1.6% The Finnish Forest Research Institute 0.9% 1.3% 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% Helsinki Institute of Physics 0.0% 0.3% 1.8% 1.8% 1.9% 1.3% Helsinki University Central Hospital 1.1% 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% 1.2% 1.3% Finnish Environment Institute 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 1.2% 1.3% 1.0% 39 Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 0.92 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.05 1.00 Universities 0.90 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.01 State research institutes 1.03 0.94 0.99 0.97 1.07 1.00 University hospitals 0.85 1.04 0.93 1.08 0.97 0.99 Other health care units - - - - - 0.89 Companies 0.92 0.99 0.79 0.79 0.75 0.84 Polytechnics - - - - - 0.73 Helsinki Institute of Physics - - 1.47 1.49 1.47 1.45 Aalto University 1.05 1.19 1.28 1.21 1.08 1.17 The Finnish Forest Research Institute 0.98 1.30 1.29 1.04 1.14 1.16 University of Helsinki 1.01 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.15 National Institute for Health and Welfare 0.84 1.00 1.26 1.12 1.51 1.14 Finnish Environment Institute - 0.91 0.91 1.14 1.20 1.06 VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 1.33 0.92 0.96 0.98 1.16 1.05 Helsinki University Central Hospital 0.85 1.14 0.93 1.06 1.02 1.01 University of Jyväskylä 0.75 0.99 1.03 0.92 1.20 1.00 Åbo Akademi University 0.95 0.80 0.92 1.17 1.04 0.99 University of Eastern Finland 0.68 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.98 0.90 University of Turku 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.92 0.91 0.87 The Finnish Meteorological Institute - 0.79 0.84 0.80 0.92 0.84 University of Oulu 0.71 0.81 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.81 Tampere University of Tech- nology - 0.71 0.76 0.66 0.93 0.77 University of Tampere 0.63 0.86 0.75 0.84 0.71 0.75 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is dis- played if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 40 Medicine and health sciences Appendix Table 2.3 Medicine and health sciences: Share of Finnish publications and relative citation indices by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 46.5% 47.3% 38.4% 38.3% 37.3% 41.3% State research institutes 7.5% 8.9% 9.6% 9.1% 10.1% 9.1% University hospitals 31.3% 31.1% 32.8% 31.2% 29.7% 31.2% Other health care units 3.1% 2.1% 3.0% 4.7% 5.4% 3.7% Companies 2.8% 2.5% 2.2% 2.1% 2.1% 2.3% Polytechnics 0.002% 0.05% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Helsinki University Central Hospital 18.0% 15.9% 15.9% 15.3% 14.1% 15.8% University of Helsinki 17.1% 16.1% 11.3% 11.9% 12.0% 13.5% University of Turku 8.7% 8.4% 6.5% 6.2% 4.8% 6.8% University of Eastern Finland 7.2% 7.2% 5.9% 6.4% 6.0% 6.5% University of Oulu 7.3% 7.9% 6.8% 5.5% 4.7% 6.4% National Institute for Health and Welfare 3.9% 5.5% 6.1% 5.8% 6.1% 5.6% Kuopio University Hospital 4.6% 5.3% 5.9% 5.3% 4.4% 5.1% University of Tampere 3.9% 4.2% 4.3% 4.1% 4.8% 4.3% Tampere University Hospital 2.8% 3.4% 4.8% 4.8% 4.5% 4.1% Turku University Central Hospital 3.4% 4.0% 3.1% 2.9% 3.5% 3.4% Oulu University Hospital 2.4% 2.5% 3.0% 2.9% 3.2% 2.8% Institute of Occupational Health 3.0% 2.7% 2.8% 2.4% 2.8% 2.7% University of Jyväskylä 0.8% 1.2% 1.5% 1.6% 2.2% 1.5% Aalto University 0.7% 1.0% 0.8% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0% 41 Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.08 1.08 1.11 Universities 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.08 1.08 1.12 State research institutes 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.24 1.14 1.22 University hospitals 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.05 1.07 Other health care units 0.79 1.00 1.08 1.07 1.10 1.03 Companies 1.06 1.21 1.08 1.05 1.15 1.11 Polytechnics - - - - - - National Institute for Health and Welfare 1.41 1.39 1.44 1.39 1.29 1.39 University of Helsinki 1.15 1.14 1.29 1.24 1.15 1.19 University of Eastern Finland 1.12 1.30 1.30 1.07 1.10 1.19 University of Jyväskylä 1.09 1.31 1.36 1.06 0.96 1.16 Kuopio University Hospital 1.19 1.27 1.12 1.03 1.04 1.13 Aalto University - 1.61 1.18 0.88 0.83 1.12 Helsinki University Central Hospital 1.15 1.05 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.11 University of Tampere 1.00 1.22 1.07 1.01 1.04 1.07 University of Oulu 1.16 1.05 0.99 0.96 1.10 1.05 University of Turku 1.08 0.96 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.04 Tampere University Hospital 1.12 1.09 1.05 0.93 0.92 1.01 Turku University Central Hospital 0.82 0.97 1.04 1.03 1.04 0.98 Institute of Occupational Health 1.09 1.09 0.87 0.97 0.86 0.98 Oulu University Hospital 0.81 1.10 1.05 0.88 0.86 0.95 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is displayed if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 42 Engineering Appendix Table 2.4 Engineering: Share of Finnish publications and relative citation indices by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 56.0% 62.0% 62.4% 68.3% 71.3% 65.7% State research institutes 18.1% 15.9% 13.5% 10.8% 11.0% 12.9% University hospitals 2.1% 2.6% 2.7% 2.1% 1.9% 2.2% Other health care units 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% Companies 16.9% 12.7% 15.5% 13.4% 10.8% 13.3% Polytechnics - 0.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.6% 0.5% Aalto University 21.8% 22.9% 23.0% 24.8% 26.2% 24.2% VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 15.4% 12.8% 9.7% 7.6% 7.7% 9.7% Tampere University of Tech- nology 3.3% 8.3% 9.7% 11.2% 11.1% 9.6% Åbo Akademi University 8.3% 7.5% 6.7% 7.1% 6.5% 7.0% University of Oulu 3.2% 5.7% 6.2% 7.9% 8.1% 6.8% University of Helsinki 5.0% 6.4% 4.8% 4.5% 4.3% 4.9% Lappeenranta University of Technology 2.5% 3.6% 4.0% 3.9% 4.9% 4.0% University of Turku 3.1% 3.4% 2.7% 3.6% 2.3% 3.0% University of Eastern Finland 1.1% 2.1% 2.6% 2.9% 4.1% 2.9% University of Jyväskylä 1.1% 0.7% 1.7% 1.7% 2.4% 1.7% University of Tampere 6.5% 1.0% 0.6% 0.4% 0.7% 1.3% Helsinki University Central Hospital 1.1% 1.4% 1.1% 1.0% 0.7% 1.0% 43 Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 1.28 1.27 1.17 1.13 1.09 1.17 Universities 1.30 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.15 1.19 State research institutes 1.24 1.44 1.26 1.40 1.05 1.28 University hospitals - - 1.14 1.07 0.94 1.20 Other health care units - - - - - - Companies 1.14 1.11 0.88 0.98 0.89 0.98 Polytechnics - - - - - - University of Helsinki - - - - - 1.71 Åbo Akademi University 1.67 1.66 1.16 1.45 1.75 1.52 Helsinki University Central Hospital 1.53 2.01 1.41 1.12 0.91 1.41 VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 1.25 1.50 1.26 1.30 0.99 1.27 Aalto University 1.21 1.28 1.40 1.15 1.13 1.22 University of Jyväskylä - - - - 1.16 1.20 University of Tampere 1.34 - - - - 1.18 University of Turku - 0.98 1.27 0.95 1.00 1.07 University of Oulu - 1.04 1.19 1.01 0.94 1.03 University of Eastern Finland - - 0.94 0.99 1.19 1.01 Lappeenranta University of Technology - 1.13 0.79 1.17 1.01 1.01 Tampere University of Tech- nology - 0.86 0.89 0.80 0.90 0.87 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is displayed if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 44 Agricultural sciences and forestry Appendix Table 2.5 Agricultural sciences and forestry: Share of Finnish publications and rela- tive citation indices by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 47.2% 49.9% 48.8% 47.9% 47.0% 48.1% State research institutes 37.3% 39.8% 40.9% 41.8% 41.1% 40.5% University hospitals 0.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% Other health care units 3.4% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% Companies 6.2% 5.0% 4.6% 3.9% 5.1% 4.9% Polytechnics - - 0.3% 0.3% 0.7% 0.3% University of Helsinki 30.4% 31.1% 28.0% 26.1% 26.6% 28.0% MTT Agrifood Research Finland 20.2% 15.3% 14.0% 13.1% 13.2% 14.6% The Finnish Forest Research Institute 5.1% 12.0% 13.8% 16.3% 16.9% 13.7% University of Eastern Finland 7.0% 9.5% 10.9% 10.7% 11.2% 10.2% VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 7.2% 5.6% 3.9% 3.8% 3.8% 4.6% University of Turku 2.6% 3.8% 3.9% 3.0% 2.6% 3.2% Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute 1.2% 1.9% 5.0% 4.0% 2.6% 3.1% Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira 2.1% 3.2% 2.0% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% University of Oulu 1.4% 1.7% 2.4% 2.2% 1.8% 1.9% 45 Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 0.91 1.16 1.30 1.20 1.23 1.18 Universities 0.93 1.24 1.45 1.31 1.25 1.26 State research institutes 0.88 1.09 1.09 1.06 1.22 1.08 University hospitals - - - - - - Other health care units - - - - - - Companies - - - - 1.09 1.21 Polytechnics - - - - - - VTT Technical Research Cen- tre of Finland 1.02 - - - 1.85 1.49 MTT Agrifood Research Finland 0.52 0.92 1.05 1.04 1.35 0.98 University of Helsinki 0.87 1.30 1.52 1.45 1.34 1.32 University of Turku - - - - - 1.67 Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira - - - - - 1.43 University of Eastern Finland - 0.98 1.20 1.12 1.22 1.15 University of Oulu - - - - - 1.01 Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute - - 0.70 - - 0.86 The Finnish Forest Research Institute - 1.05 0.97 0.82 0.96 0.97 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is displayed if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 46 Social sciences Appendix Table 2.6 Social sciences: Share of Finnish publications and relative citation indi- ces by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 73.4% 72.1% 69.2% 69.4% 73.2% 71.4% State research institutes 5.6% 7.8% 8.3% 9.0% 8.2% 8.1% University hospitals 2.4% 6.3% 7.6% 6.5% 4.2% 5.5% Other health care units 1.0% 1.3% 0.8% 1.3% 0.9% 1.0% Companies 2.6% 2.5% 1.8% 1.5% 1.3% 1.7% Polytechnics 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% 0.9% 0.5% University of Helsinki 24.7% 23.0% 19.1% 19.5% 18.1% 20.0% University of Jyväskylä 6.3% 9.2% 9.4% 8.5% 9.0% 8.8% University of Turku 6.7% 9.6% 9.8% 9.0% 8.0% 8.7% Aalto University 7.2% 5.6% 6.7% 7.8% 9.8% 7.9% University of Tampere 6.9% 4.7% 5.1% 8.5% 8.6% 7.1% Åbo Akademi University 6.1% 6.9% 4.9% 4.1% 4.2% 4.9% University of Oulu 4.2% 4.8% 4.5% 3.3% 4.2% 4.1% University of Eastern Finland 4.9% 3.0% 3.9% 3.3% 3.7% 3.6% National Institute for Health and Welfare 1.7% 3.7% 4.4% 3.9% 2.7% 3.3% Hanken School of Economics 2.1% 2.4% 3.6% 2.5% 2.9% 2.8% Institute of Occupational Health 1.4% 2.0% 1.7% 2.3% 1.2% 1.7% University of Vaasa 3.7% 2.3% 1.4% 0.9% 1.5% 1.7% Kuopio University Hospital 0.7% 2.2% 3.0% 1.9% 0.7% 1.6% Helsinki University Central Hospital 1.2% 1.4% 1.9% 1.8% 1.5% 1.6% Turku University Central Hospital 0.2% 1.9% 1.5% 1.1% 0.5% 1.0% Lappeenranta University of Technology 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 1.0% 2.1% 1.0% 47 Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 0.75 0.85 0.97 0.90 0.88 0.88 Universities 0.79 0.86 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.89 State research institutes - 1.10 1.06 0.93 1.18 1.05 University hospitals - 0.87 1.15 0.80 1.06 0.96 Other health care units - - - - - 0.70 Companies - - - - - 0.77 Polytechnics - - - - - - University of Tampere - - 1.34 1.13 0.97 1.20 National Institute for Health and Welfare - - 1.10 1.14 1.16 1.12 Institute of Occupational Health - - - - - 1.11 Aalto University 0.93 0.90 1.28 1.05 0.92 1.02 Kuopio University Hospital - - - - - 1.01 Helsinki University Central Hospital - - - - - 0.98 Lappeenranta University of Technology - - - - - 0.94 University of Jyväskylä - 0.79 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.91 University of Turku - 0.93 0.99 0.89 0.86 0.90 University of Helsinki 0.95 0.80 0.99 0.92 0.84 0.90 Turku University Central Hospital - - - - - 0.85 University of Eastern Finland - - - - 0.64 0.82 University of Oulu - - 0.78 - 0.83 0.77 Hanken School of Economics - - - - 1.02 0.67 Åbo Akademi University - 0.74 0.80 0.77 0.50 0.66 University of Vaasa - - - - - 0.44 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is displayed if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 48 Humanities Appendix Table 2.7 Humanities: Share of Finnish publications and relative citation indices by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 89.1% 89.3% 90.0% 92.9% 87.3% 89.5% State research institutes 0.4% 1.2% 0.5% 0.3% 0.7% 0.6% University hospitals 0.3% 0.1% 0.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% Other health care units - - - 0.1% 0.1% 0.04% Companies 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% Polytechnics - - - 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% University of Helsinki 38.4% 44.0% 46.7% 49.2% 37.6% 42.7% University of Turku 9.5% 16.5% 10.2% 12.4% 13.6% 12.5% University of Tampere 12.0% 7.1% 10.2% 7.5% 8.3% 8.9% University of Jyväskylä 4.6% 8.0% 6.5% 7.2% 8.5% 7.2% Åbo Akademi University 11.3% 4.8% 3.2% 2.7% 4.2% 4.7% Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 0.69 1.15 1.18 1.29 1.61 1.24 Universities 0.68 1.02 1.12 1.35 1.64 1.22 State research institutes - - - - - - University hospitals - - - - - - Other health care units - - - - - - Companies - - - - - - Polytechnics - - - - - - University of Jyväskylä - - - - - 2.02 University of Helsinki 0.94 0.56 1.02 1.05 1.10 0.97 Åbo Akademi University - - - - - 0.79 University of Tampere - - - - - 0.76 University of Turku - - - - 0.83 0.64 *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is displayed if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 49 Share of Finnish publi- cations (fractionalized counts) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2009 Total 1990–2009 Universities 72.7% 76.6% 75.7% 74.1% 74.7% 74.9% State research institutes 12.0% 10.4% 10.5% 9.8% 9.1% 10.2% University hospitals 6.3% 6.1% 8.2% 10.9% 6.1% 7.3% Other health care units 0.3% 1.0% 0.7% 0.7% 0.9% 0.8% Companies 2.0% 2.9% 0.5% 1.1% 3.7% 2.2% Polytechnics - - - 0.1% - 0.02% University of Helsinki 32.0% 33.1% 35.9% 39.4% 41.3% 36.7% University of Turku 9.5% 14.8% 7.0% 7.5% 9.8% 9.7% Relative citation index (fi eld normalized) 1990–1993 1994–1997 1998–2001 2002–2005 2006–2008 Total 1990–2008 Finland in total 1.25 2.19 1.66 1.20 1.55 1.59 Universities 1.12 1.93 1.39 0.98 1.56 1.42 State research institutes - - - - - 3.11 University hospitals - - - - - - Other health care units - - - - - - Companies - - - - - - Polytechnics - - - - - - University of Helsinki - - - - 1.85 1.73 University of Turku - - - - - 0.77 Multidisciplinary sciences Appendix Table 2.8 Multidisciplinary sciences: Share of Finnish publications and relative cita- tion indices by research organizations in the years 1990-2009* *) With regard to the last period, the relative citation index only concerns publications in the years 2006–2008. Organizations with a share greater than 1% in the years 1990-2009 are included. The relative citation index is displayed if the fractionalized publication count is at least 50. 1 Online publications: http://www.minedu.fi/publications Published in the publication series of the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2012 1 Koulutus ja tutkimus vuosina 2011–2016; Kehittämissuunnitelma 2 Utbildning och forskning 2011–2016; Utvecklingsplan 3 Education and Research 2011–2016; A development plan 4 Suomen kansainvälinen yhteisjulkaiseminen 5 Tehostettua ja erityistä tukea tarvitsevien oppilaiden opetuksen kehittäminen 2007– 2011; Kehittävän arvioinnin loppuraportti. 6 Lapsi- ja nuorisopolitiikan kehittämisohjelma 2012–2015 7 Barn- och ungdomspolitiskt utvecklingsprogram 2012–2015 8 Child and Youth Policy Programme 2012–2015 9 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma 2013–2016 10 Hitaasti mutta varmasti? Saavutettavuuden edistyminen yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2000-luvulla 12 Kestääkö osaamisen pohja – PISA 2009 Suomessa 13 Sport and Equality 2011; Current state and changes of gender equality in Finland 14 Koulutuksen arviointisuunnitelma vuosille 2012–2015 15 Utvärderingsplan för utbildningen 2012– 2015 17 The National Policy Programme for Older People’s Physical Activity; Health and well-being from physical activity 19 International co-publishing in Finland 20 Liikuntatoimi tilastojen valossa; Perustilastot vuodelta 2010 21 Yliopistolakiuudistuksen vaikutusten arviointi 22 Korkeakoulutettujen jatkokoulutuksen haasteet ja ehdotus järjestelmän kehittämiseksi – KYTKÖS-hanke ISBN 978-952-263-132-9 (PDF) ISSN-L 1799-0343 ISSN 1799-0351 (Online) Helsinki 2012 Report from the Finnish Citation Index Working Group II Contents 1 Introduction 2 Data and methods 3 The development of Finnish publication productivity and citation impact 4 Publishing productivity and citation impact in different types of research organizations 5 Publishing productivity and citation impact in different disciplines 6 Publications and citation impact in the largest research organizations 7 Finnish publishing performance in international comparison Appendix 1. Classification of WoS subject fields into disciplines Appendix 2. Shares of publications and relative citation indices by discipline and research organization